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PubMed1977

Transmissible gastroenteritis: demonstration of the virus from field specimens by means of cell culture and pig inoculation.

Isolation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus was attempted from segments of jejunum collected from piglets submitted for diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis. The virus was isolated more frequently in susceptible piglets than in pig kidney or pig thyroid cells. Practically, both cell systems were equally capable of demonstrating the virus when the tissue suspensions were sonicated. The pig thyroid cells prepared with glands collected from minimal disease pigs were preferred to the pig kidney cells for initial virus isolation because of their ability to respond to transmissible gastroenteritis virus with a progressive cytopathic effect. However, the pig thyroid cells, prepared from pool of glands collected in abattoirs, were often contaminated with parvoviruses and could not be used for diagnostic work. Controlled ultrasound treatments of the inoculum increased the frequency of virus isolation in both cell systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in young children.

Conventional virologic investigations generally failed to implicate viruses as a cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. When negative-contrast stain electron microscopy was used for the examination of stool samples from affected patients, several candidate etiologic agents were discovered. Rotavirus (otherwise known as orbivirus, reo-like agent, and infantile gastroenteritis virus) emerged as an important causative agent. In a considerable number of patients, however, no causative agent was identified. Several other candidate etiologic viruses now "stand in the wings" awaiting additional evidence as to their role in the pathogenesis of acute gastroenteritis. In a study period of 12 months, 669 patients were found to be shedding virus in association with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, and temperature elevation. Approximately one third of these patients acquired their infection in hospital.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2025

Genotypic Analysis and Clinical Findings of Sapovirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Mie Prefecture, Japan, 2010-2022.

Sapovirus (SaV) is one of the major viruses causing acute gastroenteritis. Of the 1981 fecal specimens collected through sentinel pediatric acute gastroenteritis pathogen surveillance in Mie Prefecture, Japan (2010-2022), 236 were positive for SaV, according to PCR screening. Whole or near-whole genome sequences were determined for 158 strains by next-generation sequencing. Genotype GI.1 was the most common of the nine SaV genotypes detected, followed by GII.3 and GII.1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SaVs of these three genotypes separated into three different clusters depending on the year of detection, suggesting continuous genetic changes in the same genotype. Coinfections involving different SaV genotypes, as well as reinfections with SaV in the same individual, were observed in this study. The main clinical manifestations were diarrhea (68.4%) and vomiting (61.6%), with an increased rate of emesis, particularly in patients over 3 years of age. In addition, 18.1% of the children had fever. This study clarified the prevalence of viral genotypes as well as clinical findings of SaV-positive gastroenteritis in children, and revealed trends by age.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

Infantile gastroenteritis: a clinical study of reovirus-like agent infection.

In a clinical study of 32 infants with symptoms from infections with the human reovirus-like agent (R.I.A.) identified by electron microscopy (E.M.) of faecal extracts, a fairly consistent clinical pattern was found in 30 who had a gastroenteritis-like illness. The disease was usually mild, affecting mainly infants less than 2 years and males more commonly than females. The incubation period appeared to be 48-72 hours; and the onset was sudden, often with vomiting in the first 1-2 days of the illness. Loose yellow-green offensive stools without blood or mucus developed after a variable time, and there was often accompanying fever. Severe dehydration and electrolyte inbalance were uncommon; and with standard treatment the illness was uncomplicated, usually lasting 5-8 days. These features resemble those of previously reported winter epidemics of infantile non-bacterial gastroenteritis, and it is suggested that these epidemics were due to R.L.A. 2 infants in whom R.L.A. was identified in the stool did not have a gastroenteritis-like illness although both had protracted diarrhoea.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Gastroenteritis in London and Jamaica: a clinical and bacteriological study.

The flora of both faeces and small bowel lumen was studied in children with gastroenteritis from London, England, and Kingston, Jamaica. Clinical and laboratory differences between these two groups are described. All bacterial groups in the faeces were greatly altered during gastroenteritis and this particularly affected anaerobic organisms. These changes generally reverted rapidly to normal after the illness. The small bowel flora was also altered during gastroenteritis; there was a tendency for a wider range of organisms including anaerobes to be isolated from the children in Jamacia than from those in England.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

Reovirus-like agent in acute epidemic gastroenteritis in Japanese infants: fecal shedding and serologic response.

The reovirus-like agent, sometimes referred to as duovirus or rotavirus, was visualized by electron microscopy in stool extracts from Japanese infants and young children with acute epidemic gastroenteritis. The virus particles measured 70 nm in diameter and had double-shelled capsids. One hundred ten (89%) of 124 patients with the gastroenteritis had such virus particles in stools obtained during the acute phase. The virus particles were excreted in the stools usually during the first eight days of illness. Agglutination of virus particles by antibody present in convalescent-phase sera was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy. Complement-fixing antibody was detected as early as day 3 of illness, and antibody titers peaked during the second and third weeks of the disease. The antibody appearing in the acute and early convalescent phases was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol. Antibody resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol was produced approximately 10 days after the onset of the symptoms. The serologic evidence suggests that a primary infection with the reovirus-like agent was responsible for the clinical attack of acute gastroenteritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1978

Snake-to-human transmission of Aeromonas (Pl) shigelloides resulting in gastroenteritis.

A healthy young man developed acute gastroenteritis after handling an infected bao constrictor. The animal died after contracting "mouth-rot disease", a progressive ulcerative stomatitis of snakes charactistically caused a Aeromonas species. Stool cultures from the patient yielded a heavy growth of Aeromonas (Plesiomonas) shigelloides but no other enteric pathogens. Treatment wit sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resulted in rapid relief of clinical symptoms. Aeromonas species are not considered part of the normal human fecal flora and gastroenteritis due to this organism is rare. Furthermore, this case appears to represent a new zoonosis: human Aeromonas (Plasiomonas) gastroenteritis derived from contact with an infected animal host.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1978

Jejunal microbial flora of southern indian infants in health and with acute gastroenteritis.

The microbial flora of the jejunal lumen of 28 infants with acute gastroenteritis was compared with that of a group of 10 normal infants. The jejunum of control subjects harboured an "oral" type of flora and in a few instances enterobacteria in small numbers. The concentrations of all but one of the groups of organism were higher in the patients than in controls, and the differences were of statistical significance for enterobacteria and lactobacilli. In eight subjects, the same pathogen was identified in the jejunum and the stool. In six subjects with rotavirus infection, there were almost no Gram-negative aerobic rods in the jejunum. The possible role of other Gram-negative aerobic rods in producing gastroenteritis is discussed. It is suggested that studies of jejunal flora are of considerable importance in assigning an aetiological role to bacteria in the causation of acute gastroenteritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1979

Virus-like particle, 35 to 40 nm, associated with an institutional outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in adults.

In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in an institution for the mentally retarded at Otofuke, Hokkaido, Japan, virus-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in five of seven stool specimens from the patients. The particles had 10 rod-shaped and 10 round projections or capsomeres on the periphery, measured 35 to 40 nm in diameter, and had a buoyant density of 1.35 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. Attempts to culture these particles in tissue culture or in mouse brain were unsuccessful. Immune electron miscroscopy performed with the virus from the patients as antigen demonstrated significant serological responses in all patients examined. Antigenic similarity of the virus particles obtained from five patients was also confirmed by immune electron microscopy with the paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera of one of the patients. Furthermore, in immune electron micrsocopy these particles appeared to have no antigenic relationship to three candidate viruses for gastroenteritis so far reported: the Norwalk agent, the W agent, and the calicivirus-like particle. These results suggested the possibility that this agent, tentatively designated as the Otofuke agent, might be a new candidate virus for gastroenteritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in infancy and early childhood in southern India.

The aetiology of acute gastroenteritis was studied in 50 infants and young children. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Salmonella, and Shigella being the commonest isolates. Rotaviruses were detected in the stools of 13 of the cases. All children with gastroenteritis in whom rotavirus was detected were seen during the months July to December. In 30 children who served as controls, EPEC were isolated in 6, but rotavirus was detected in none. It is concluded that infection with rotaviruses is a significant cause of morbidity in children with gastroenteritis in southern India.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1977

Intestinal damage in rotavirus and adenovirus gastroenteritis assessed by d-xylose malabsorption.

The absorption of D-xylose infused into the duodenum was assessed in infants with acute gastroenteritis. 1-hour blood-xylose levels were low in 6 patients found to harbour rotavirus in the small intestinal aspirate. Normal levels (greater than 1-26 mmol/l) were obtained in the absence of virus particles in the small intestine in a further 6 patients: in 3 of these adenovirus or rotavirus was recovered from the stools. Three patients with adenovirus in the small intestinal juice and ill with acute gastroenteritis also had low xylose levels. This finding supports earlier epidemiological studies that adenovirus may be a causative agent of acute infantile gastroenteritis. The association between virus in the small intestine and xylose malabsorption may indicate mucosal damage. Formal proff of this is awaited.

Adenoviridae Infections↗

PubMed1978

Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus infection in hospitalized Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis.

The prevalence of rotavirus infection in hospitalized Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis was studied during the period November 1975 to December 1976. Rotaviruses were the pathogens most frequently associated with gastroenteritis, being found in 121 of 293 (41.3%) patients and in only 3 of 66 (4.5%) controls. Other viruses (adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and small icosahedrical viruses) were detected at a lower frequency both in cases and controls. Rotaviruses were detected at a lower frequency both in cases and controls. Rotaviruses were readily detected throughout the year, which may correspond to the absence of seasonal temperature variation in a tropical country such as Venezuela. Children of all age groups examined (0-5 yr) were susceptible to rotavirus infection. The frequency of infection was slightly higher in the age group 13-24 mo, and significantly lower in children younger than 6 mo old. Rotaviruses were readily detected even after 12 days from the onset of illness. These results indicate that rotaviruses may be a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis in Venezuela.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1976

The detection of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antibodies by immunodiffusion.

Precipitating antibodies against transmissible gastroenteritis viral antigens were detected by the immunodiffusion test in two transmissible gastroenteritis viral hyperimmune antisera and in antiserum prepared against haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus but not in sera from several species of normal animals, in antisera prepared against a variety of othet viruses and bacteria or sera from swine with bacterial enteritis. When the immunodiffusion test was compared with the virus neutralization test for the detection of transmissible gastroeneritis viral antibodies in 20 swine sera certain samples which contained high titres of virus neutralizing antibodies failed to produce precipitation while other sera were positive in the immunodiffusion test although their virus neutralizing antibody titres were relatively low. Precipitating antibodies were also detected by immunodiffusion in several samples of milk whey from a sow which had been vaccinated with inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Intolerance to cow's milk protein. A complication of acute gastroenteritis (author's transl)].

Eight cases of acute gastroenteritis, two caused by enteropathogenic "E. coli", with secondary cow's milk protein intolerance were studied. Diagnosis was established clinically and by means of intestinal biopsy, before and after a milk challenge. The role of acute gastroenteritis as a trigger of cow's milk protein intolerance and other factors contributing to the appearance of that complication are discussed. The mechanisms leading to intractable diarrhoea in a situation of prolonged gastroenteritis are also commented.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1978

An indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of swine.

The indirect fluorescent antibody test was modified to provide a rapid technique for the detection, screening and titration of antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs. Large numbers of slides containing transmissible gastroenteritis antigen were prepared by planting mixtures of infected and uninfected swine testicular cells onto multiwelled teflon-coated slides. After overnight incubation, about one-half of the cells in each well were infected which provided contrast to aid in detecting specific fluorescence in the presence of varying degrees of background staining. Following fixation, antigen slides were stored at -20 degrees C until used. The indirect fluorescent antibody test was compared to the virus neutralization test in both the screening and titration of swine sera containing transmissible gastroenteritis antibodies. The test was found to be sensitive and reliable and to offer certain advantages over the virus neutralization test.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Viruses as causal agents of gastroenteritis in infants and young children (author's transl)].

Electron microscopic examination of stool samples from 195 infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis revealed rota virus in 31 samples (= 16%), corona virus in 44 samples (= 23%) and adenovirus in 13 samples (= 7%). Viruses were excreted for between 4 and 8 days in patients infected with rota virus and corona virus respectively. An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a premature baby unit with 24 cases is reported: corona virus was found in the stools of 15 infants. It is suggested that corona virus as well as rota virus may cause gastroenteritis in infants and small children.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1979

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in extreme allergy. Immunopathological comparison with nonallergic gastrointestinal disease.

Intestinal mucosal biopsy immunoglobulin content in a patient with eosinophilia, allergic gastroenteropathy (atopy, food sensitivities, protein-losing enteropathy, iron deficiency anemia, and growth retardation), and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (68,000 units) was compared with that of a control group and a group with eosinophilic gastroenteritis who had no atopic features. The patient had no evidence of cellular or humoral immunodeficiency but was severely hypersensitive to multiple inhalant and dietary allergens. In contrast to the findings in patients with nonallergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, whose intestinal immunoglobulin content was similar to that of controls, tissue immunoglobulin IgE and IgG was markedly increased in the allergic patient. These results support an intestinal reaginic mechanism in the etiology of the allergic form of eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Salmonella gastroenteritis in Hong Kong--a clinical review of 200 patients.

A sudden increase in Salmonella gastroenteritis affecting infants and children in Hong Kong in 1971 prompted a clinical review of 200 such patients seen over a 6 year period. It showed unprecedented prevalence of Salmonella johannesburg infections and unusually protracted diarrhoea. Only 3.5 per cent of patients were breast fed. Factors causing this chronicity are discussed. All 8 fatal cases were under 7 1/2 months old, with protracted diarrhoea starting within 1 month after birth in 7. The invasiveness of Salmonella johannesburg is low although its infectivity high. Bacteraemia occurred in only 1 patient and focal infections other than gastroenteritis in none. Antibiotics did not improve diarrhoea nor eliminate faecal excretion in the majority of those treated. Prolonged and intermittent faecal excretion of Salmonella was common. Nineteen per cent of patients acquired diarrhoea in hospital; some after a course of antibiotics given for other infections. Experience from this series does not recommend administration of antibiotics to patients with uncomplicated Salmonella johannesburg gastroenteritis. As chronicity of diarrhoea seemed to be the major prognostic factor with regard to mortality and morbidity in this series, further search for causes and control measures of this chronicity is required.

Child, Preschool↗