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PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in cardiac rehabilitation patients.

Gender differences in anxiety, self-efficacy, activity tolerance, and adherence were assessed in 101 patients (80 males, 21 females) with coronary artery disease consecutively admitted to three phase II cardiac rehabilitation centers. The percentage of women in rehabilitation is 20% lower than anticipated based on coronary morbidity data. On admission to rehabilitation, men were significantly better able to tolerate physical activity, were less anxious, and perceived themselves as having greater efficacy in enduring exercise and activities of daily living than women. During the first month of rehabilitation, 24% of males and 33% of females missed 1 week or more of scheduled sessions. There were no significant differences in demographic or diagnostic characteristics between sexes.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in caregiving: fact or artifact?

This study applies meta-analysis techniques to the results of 14 descriptive studies of gender differences in caregiving to determine the size and significance of gender differences in caregiving stressors (level of elder impairment and level and type of task involvement) and in caregiver burden. There were essentially no significant gender differences in functional impairment of the frail care recipient, total caregiver involvement in care, or in money management tasks. Female caregivers were more likely to carry out personal care and household tasks and more likely to report greater burden. Given the relatively small size of the effects found, we conclude that future research should focus on the part that gender-role explanations play in assigning meaning to caregiving behaviors.

Caregivers↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in mate selection preferences: a test of the parental investment model.

Evolutionary-related hypotheses about gender differences in mate selection preferences were derived from Triver's parental investment model, which contends that women are more likely than men to seek a mate who possesses nonphysical characteristics that maximize the survival or reproductive prospects of their offspring, and were examined in a meta-analysis of mate selection research (questionnaire studies, analyses of personal advertisements). As predicted, women accorded more weight than men to socioeconomic status, ambitiousness, character, and intelligence, and the largest gender differences were observed for cues to resource acquisition (status, ambitiousness). Also as predicted, gender differences were not found in preferences for characteristics unrelated to progeny survival (sense of humor, "personality"). Where valid comparisons could be made, the findings were generally invariant across generations, cultures, and research paradigms.

Female↗

PubMed1992

Transnational stability of gender differences in schizophrenia? An analysis based on the WHO study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders.

Gender-specific analyses of the multinational WHO-Determinants of Outcome-Study (including 1,292 cases from 10 countries) demonstrate the transnational stability of major findings on gender differences in schizophrenia: Male patients have an earlier mean age at onset in all countries. In female patients, the distribution of the age at onset shows a second peak after age 40 years. No gender differences on nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia can be detected, but on uncharacteristic symptoms, particularly some aspects of the illness behaviour, differences appear. This investigation supports the transcultural validity of gender differences found in the German ABC-Schizophrenia-Study and in the Danish-German Psychiatric Case Register studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in exposure to life events and adaptation to retirement.

Gender differences in the experience of life events surrounding the retirement transition and the effects of such life event experiences on men's and women's adaptation to retirement were investigated. Data based on a stratified random sample of retirees covered by Florida's State Retirement System (n = 452 women and 378 men) indicate that women report more life events than men, particularly during the period preceding retirement. Furthermore, women's retirement adaptation seems more affected than men's by the experience of life events. The major conclusion to be drawn from these results is that better understanding of gender differences in the retirement experience can be achieved only if gender variations in the circumstances of the retirement transition are acknowledged and further explored.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in infirmary use at a residential summer camp.

Studies of health behavior in adults show that women report more morbidity and greater health service utilization than do men, despite lower mortality rates. Explanations involve social and biological gender differences in adult life. Infirmary utilization at a residential summer camp where parental influence is minimized was studied to determine whether these gender differences occur in the pediatric age group. Three hundred ninety-eight campers, 8 to 18 years old were studied. Girls were observed to make greater use of the infirmary than boys (p less than .01) and were especially likely to present with minor trauma, both musculoskeletal (p less than .05) and skin (p less than .01). No correlation was found between age and frequency of visits. Obvious morbidity was similar for boys and girls, in that no gender difference was observed in those visiting for definite medical indications alone or in those admitted. However, a difference was evident in those visiting for minor and trivial problems, particularly in those making three or more visits for minor and trivial problems (p less than .01). Although obvious morbidity was no different in campers, girls used the infirmary more than boys in a manner similar to that reported for adult health behavior. This suggests that gender differences occur earlier than suspected and are not simply related to adult social roles.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Gender differences in health risks and physical symptoms among the homeless.

Gender differences in health risks and symptoms are compared for a survey sample of 100 homeless persons and for the general population. Homeless men appear at greater risk of exhibiting symptoms. Nonetheless, homeless women report more symptoms, a result consistent with general population trends. Predisposing illnesses were the most accurate predictors of the number of reported symptoms, but gender explained a significant amount of variation in reported symptoms after other health risks were controlled. The findings inform the debate on the relative importance of biological factors, acquired risks, illness perception and behavior, and reporting bias in explaining why women report more symptoms in survey research. It appears likely that female reporting bias and gender differences in illness perception are underestimated in general population surveys because even under extreme conditions, men are less likely than women to report symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in the psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents.

Gender differences in the psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation were studied. A sample of 613 high school students (ages 14-19) completed measures of suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, life stress, loneliness, alcohol and drug use, and reasons for living. The results of a discriminant function analysis indicated that males reported higher loneliness and substance abuse scores than females whereas females reported greater suicidal ideation, depression, and reasons for living. The results of multiple regression analyses found that, although the same four variables, depression, hopelessness, substance abuse, and few reasons for living emerged as significant predictors of suicidal ideation in both samples, the predictive equation accounted for more of the variance in ideation scores in females (57%) than in males (46%). In a final analysis a discriminant function analysis of the subscales of the reasons for living inventory revealed that females have a greater fear of death and injury whereas males have a greater fear of social disapproval over having suicidal thoughts. This may account for the greater rate of suicide completing among males. Fear of social disapproval, more anger and impulsivity, and less help-seeking behavior among males are offered as potential variables to explain the observed gender differences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in schizophrenia in three cultures. Results of the WHO collaborative study on psychiatric disability.

As part of a systematic research project on the influence of gender factors on age at onset, symptomatology, and course of schizophrenia, data on gender differences in age at onset and symptomatology of schizophrenia from the WHO Collaborative Study "On Assessment and Reduction of Psychiatric Disability" were compared between seven research centres of three different cultural regions. Results on age at onset of five European centres confirmed the well known fact of an earlier onset in men. The earlier onset in women seen in Khartoum and Ankara could be attributed to patient selection because male/female differences in age at onset and male/female ratios in the various samples covary. In the Islamic centres no relevant gender differences in real age at onset and in symptomatology could be detected as probable causes of earlier hospitalisation of women. Major gender differences in symptomatology were found in the Balkan centres of Sofia and Zagreb with a high prevalence of delusional symptoms in women and depression in men. In Western Europe centres, nuclear schizophrenic symptoms were equally prevalent in either sex, while nonspecific symptoms like irritability and tiredness (more frequent in women) and maladaptive illness behaviours like alcohol abuse and social withdrawal (more frequent in men) differed between the sexes. Explanatory hypotheses and the implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Comment on large gender difference on death anxiety in Arab countries.

In the recent interesting and excellent article by Abdel-Khalek (2) the large mean difference between Death Anxiety Scale (6) for males and females in Lebanon was noted. I have also noted such large differences in other studies with subjects in Arab countries (1, 3, 4). These studies and that of Abdel-Khalek (2) provide a total of 12 gender differences in four different countries--Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Libya. Although these large gender differences would be notable in comparison to those of most studies in the United States or other English-speaking countries, the comparison was made with the differences provided by the two studies that presented norms and norm-like information (5, 8). These two studies contain 12 pairs of means for both sexes. Eight of the 12 Arab difference means were higher than the highest American difference mean (chi 2 = 12.00, p less than .01). The reason(s) for the larger gender differences on death anxiety are not known, but it appears reasonable to suggest that in countries in which there are large sex-role differences that likely include bravery, men would be more expected to report lower death anxiety than women. Cross-cultural and demographic research with the recently developed Death Depression Scale (7) would likely yield interesting findings.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in knowing about hypertension: the black experience.

This descriptive exploratory study was undertaken in an attempt to describe how hypertension as a disease and illness is conceptualized from the point of view and experience of black couples. Twenty-one black couples were interviewed and the data content was analyzed. Explanatory models constructed from the taped interviews revealed that the differences in knowing about hypertension were primarily due to gender. Differences were identified in the structure and content of the explanatory models. Content differences between women and men were primarily in the areas of stress and diet. The significance of this research is that it identified gender differences in ways of learning about illness that need further exploration.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Gender differences in the systolic blood pressure response to exercise.

Previous work has shown a gender difference in the normal cardiac response to exercise. Men had significantly higher absolute systolic blood pressure responses at 50%, 75%, and 100% peak heart rate on all modalities (p less than 0.05). This difference is absent when systolic blood pressure is adjusted for body surface area, is reduced when adjusted for body weights, and is reversed when systolic blood pressure is adjusted for lean body mass. The influence of gender on the systolic blood pressure response to dynamic exercise was independent of exercise modality. Men had a higher systolic blood pressure in spite of the fact that they had similar sympathetic nervous system response as indicated by urinary norepinephrine excretion. Gender differences in systolic blood pressure responses were altered when adjusted for body weight, body surface area, and lean body mass.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1991

Gender differences in memory for a sexual story.

The present research extended previous work that identified gender differences in memory for a sexual text. That work identified a memory bias for the sexes in recognition memory, whereas we found gender differences in errors in recall memory. Recall memory is particularly important because it provides the opportunity for the individual to construct memory. This provides the opportunity for distortion to occur and allows the individual to make errors. The prediction that men would incorrectly recall more material of an erotic nature was supported. The prediction that women would incorrectly recall material that was romantic in nature was not confirmed. In a recognition task both genders endorsed more false positives of a sexual nature than a romantic nature. Using findings from research on memory for written text, predictions concerning the effects of importance, perspective, and typicality were made. Those predictions were not confirmed. A discussion of possible explanations for the various findings is presented.

Arousal↗

PubMed1991

Fat distribution and gender differences in serum lipids in men and women from four European communities.

We studied male/female differences in serum lipids in randomly selected 38-year-old men (n = 337) and women (n = 342) from various cities in The Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, and Poland. Overall, men had higher triglycerides and total cholesterol levels and lower HDL-levels compared to women (P less than 0.001). Adjustment for smoking habits, city, and body mass index did not remove the gender difference. Further adjustments for waist circumference alone and waist/hip and waist/thigh circumference ratio removed the gender differences in serum triglycerides and total cholesterol. Only adjustment for waist/thigh ratio removed the gender difference in HDL-cholesterol but linear relationships were different in men and women. The average male/female difference in serum lipids, particularly for total and LDL-cholesterol varied considerably among centers. In analyses of the data from the separate centers we found that sex differences in serum triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol in all 4 centers disappeared when adjusted for waist circumference alone and for waist/hip and waist/thigh ratio. For total and LDL-cholesterol, however, adjustment for circumference ratios tended to increase the male/female difference in 2 of the 4 centers. It is concluded that, in European men and women, fat distribution may be responsible for male/female differences in serum triglycerides but that such conclusions are less clear for HDL-, total- and LDL-cholesterol.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in the clinical expression of schizophrenia.

Gender differences have been reported for a variety of clinical measures in patients with schizophrenia. Clinical characterization may be helpful in identifying symptom clusters which can then be linked to underlying brain function. In this study 74 men and 33 women meeting DSM-IIIR criteria for schizophrenia were studied off medication and rated on measures of symptom type and severity, as well as premorbid and current function. Men were more severely impaired in ratings of negative symptoms, while positive symptoms were not significantly different. There were also differences in premorbid and current functioning, with women manifesting better social functioning than men.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in the personality features of British managers.

In this study were examined the personality profiles of 132 British managers from the civil services, using the 16 PF. The data were compared to norms for the British adult population. The results suggested that managers scored higher on traits associated with intelligence, dominance, confidence, and extroversion. This pattern did not differ as a function of gender. Gender differences apparent in the general population were hardly evident among managers. Finally, the strength of traits associated with management increased as a function of the managerial grade. Yet this pattern was more distinct among men than women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Symptoms of depression among older African-Americans: an analysis of gender differences.

Using data from a community-based sample of African-Americans, this study investigated the association between gender and depressive symptoms among 148 African-Americans who are 65 years of age and older. Findings indicated no gender difference in overall level of depressive symptomatology. Further analyses suggest that the lack of a gender difference in depressive symptoms was attributable to similarities in risk factors related to stressful life events and the social roles associated with employment and childrearing.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1992

Gender differences in left ventricular structure and function in young adults with normal or marginally elevated blood pressure.

Gender differences in left ventricular structure and function were evaluated in 68 male and 69 female young adults (mean age 30 +/- 7 years) with normal or marginally elevated blood pressure. Left ventricular mass index was greater in men than in women, even after controlling for blood pressure. There were no significant gender differences in left ventricular systolic function. Doppler indices of diastolic filling were also similar in men and women. Thus, men have a significantly greater left ventricular mass index than women, but this difference in ventricular size is not associated with differences in systolic or diastolic function.

Adult↗