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PubMed2000

Effect of pollination and exogenous ethylene on accumulation of ETR1 homologue transcripts during flower petal abscission in geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey).

We have isolated two cDNAs from geranium, PhETR1 and PhETR2. The deduced amino acid sequences of PhETR1 anti PhETR2 share 78% and 79% identity with ETR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana respectively. These genes are members of a multigene family and are expressed at moderate levels in leaves, pedicels, sepals, pistils and petals, and at very low levels in roots. PhETR1 and PhETR2 mRNAs are expressed in geranium florets long before they are receptive to pollination and transcript levels remain constant throughout floral development. Message levels of PhETR1 and PhETR2 in pistils and receptacles are unaffected by self-pollination or treatment with 1 micro/l ethylene that induces petal abscission. Our results indicate that the amount of PhETR1 and PHETR2 mRNA is not indicative of the level of sensitivity of geranium florets to ethylene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Effects of cultivar and irrigation management on population growth of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse ivy geranium.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether different ivy geranium cultivars and different irrigation frequencies influenced population growth of the twospotted spider mite (TSM), Tetranychus urticae. Results showed that mite numbers at harvest (about 4 weeks after plants were artificially infested) were very low on 'Sybil Holmes', but significantly higher on 'Amethyst 96'. Irrigation frequency of ivy geraniums had no measurable effect on TSM populations over a range in which water was applied when pot weight dropped 15, 30 or 45% from container capacity. However, the most frequently irrigated plants (15% treatment) produced as much or more growth than plants that received less water. These plants also had the lowest incidence of oedema. There was no significant interaction between water management and host plant resistance, implying the difference in host plant resistance to TSM between the two cultivars should remain constant, at least within the range of the irrigation frequencies studied. Our findings suggest that growers can take advantage of plant resistance to TSM on ivy geranium cultivars of current commercial importance, and that watering practices can be adjusted to optimize plant production without affecting pest populations.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1978

Biosynthesis of (+)-Tartaric Acid from l-[4-C]Ascorbic Acid in Grape and Geranium.

The metabolic fate of l-[4-(14)C]ascorbic acid has been examined in the grape (Vitis labrusca L.) and lemon geranium (Pelargonium crispum L. L'Hér. cv. Prince Rupert) under conditions comparable to data from l-[1-(14)C]ascorbic acid and l-[6-(14)C]ascorbic acid experiments. In detached grape leaves and immature berries, l-[4-(14)C]ascorbic acid and l-[1-(14)C]ascorbic acid were equivalent precursors to carboxyl labeled (+)-tartaric acid. In geranium apices, l-[4-(14)C]ascorbic acid yielded internal labeled (+)-tartaric acid while l-[6-(14)C]ascorbic acid gave an equivalent conversion to carboxyl labeled (+)-tartaric acid. These findings clearly show that two distinct processes for the synthesis of (+)-tartaric acid from l-ascorbic acid exist in plants identified as (+)-tartaric acid accumulators. In grape leaves and immature berries, (+)-tartaric acid synthesis proceeds via preservation of a four-carbon fragment derived from carbons 1 through 4 of l-ascorbic acid while carbons 3 through 6 yield (+)-tartaric acid in geranium apices.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

A Transient Burst of CO(2) from Geranium Leaves during Illumination at Various Light Intensities as a Measure of Photorespiration.

A transient CO(2) burst is exhibited by irradiated leaves of the C(3) plant geranium (Pelargonium X hortorum, Bailey) after the irradiance is quickly lowered. The light CO(2) burst appears to be related to photorespiration because of its irradiance dependency and its sensitivity to other environmental components such as CO(2) and O(2) concentration. The term post-lower-irradiance CO(2) burst or PLIB is used to describe the phenomenon. The PLIB appears to be a quantitative measurement of photorespiration with intact geranium leaves. The PLIB has been observed with intact leaves of other C(3) plants but not with C(4) leaves. Therefore, it is proposed that, after maximizing intact leaf photosynthetic rates and leaf chamber gas measuring conditions, photorespiration can be measured with intact C(3) leaves such as geranium as a transient post-lower-irradiance CO(2) burst.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

A new furofuran lignan from Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc.

A new furofuran lignan, 4-hydroxykobusin (3), together with known lignans, kobusin (1), and 7,7'-dihydroxybursherenin (2), were isolated from the whole plant of Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc (Geraniaceae). The structures were determined based on the spectral data and a comparison with the published data. This is the first report of the presence of furofuran lignan in Geranium species.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2005

Anticoagulant 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose isolated from geranium (Pelargonium inquinans Ait).

Geranium (Pelargonium inquinans Ait) leaves were extracted with 80% MeOH, and partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and H2O to isolate the anticoagulant principles. The EtOAc fraction was found to be the most active, and was further purified using silica and octadecylsilane column chromatography employing a bioassay-guided fractionation method. The active compound was isolated and identified as 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (PGG) (compound I). The isolated anticoagulant significantly prolonged the activated partial thrombin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) using normal human plasma. One microgram of 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose showed 0.063 heparin units in the APTT and 2.73 heparin units in the TT for anti-thrombosis. This is the first report of the isolation of PGG from geranium plants.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed2005

In vitro antiprotozoal activity from the roots of Geranium mexicanum and its constituents on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.

This paper examines the antiprotozoal activity of the dichloromethane-MeOH extract, fractions and pure compounds from the roots of Geranium mexicanum on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. The result indicated that the extract, organic fraction and a pure flavonoid were active against both protozoa with IC50 values ranging from 1.9 to 79.2 microg/ml for Entamoeba histolytica and from 1.6 to 100.4 microg/ml in the case of Giardia lamblia. The main active compound was the flavan-3-ol, (-)-epicatechin. In addition, the moderate active compounds (+)-catechin, tyramine and beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also were isolated. These results support the anecdotal reports for the traditional use of Geranium mexicanum roots in the management of diarrhoea and dysentery, illnesses caused in some cases by enteric protozoa.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil.

BACKGROUND: In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti-inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To assess their anti-inflammatory activities, the effects of essential oils on neutrophil recruitment in mice were examined in vivo. METHOD: The effect of essential oils on leukocyte and neutrophil recruitment induced 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of casein in mice was examined. RESULTS: Leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice was suppressed by intraperitoneal injections of geranium, lemongrass and spearmint oils at the dose of 5 microl/mouse, but was not by tea tree oil. This recruitment was inhibited dose-dependently by geranium oil. The suppression of leukocyte recruitment resulted from inhibition of neutrophil accumulation. CONCLUSION: Some essential oils used as anti-inflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity in mice.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Biologically active constituents of a polyphenol extract from Geranium sanguineum L. with anti-influenza activity.

From the aerial roots of the medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. a polyphenol-rich extract with strong anti-influenza activity has been isolated. To investigate its active fractions, the extract was partitioned by solvents with increasing polarity. The n-BuOH fraction contained the majority of the in vitro antiviral activity; the EtOAc fraction was the most effective one in vivo. A bioassay-directed fractionation of the n-BuOH and EtOAc fractions was performed to obtain information about the nature of the chemical components of the plant extract, responsible for the antiviral effect. The individual constituents were identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with authentic samples and by HPLC. The cell-toxic and virus-inhibitory effects of the fractions and some individual polyphenol compounds, found in Geranium sanguineum L., were studied using the replication of representative influenza viruses in cell cultures. This study showed that the presence of a variety of biologically active compounds as well as the possible synergistic interactions between them seem to be decisive for the overall antiviral effect.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Study on morphology of the pollen of 4 species from Geranium in Heilongjiang Province].

Morphology of the pollen of 4 species from Geranium in Heilongjiang province which are G. wilfordii Maxim., G. sibiricum L., G. platyanthum Duthie. and G. dahuricum DC. were observed with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results showed pollen grains of the four species were nearly spherical, with short clavate-shaped, net-shaped and cave-shaped veins on the outer walls and three short-furrow germ pores. Both the clava size and number of clava per unit surface area were different. This paper provided evidences for palynology classification of Geranium.

China↗

PubMed2006

Coat protein sequence shows that Cucumber mosaic virus isolate from geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) belongs to subgroup II.

A viral disease was identified on geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) grown in a greenhouse at the Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, exhibiting mild mottling and stunting. The causal virus (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) was identified and characterized on the basis of host range, aphid transmission, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), DNA-RNA hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A complete coat protein (CP) gene was amplified using degenerate primers and sequenced. The CP gene showed nucleotide and amino acid homology up to 97%-98% and 96%-99%, respectively with the sequences of CMV subgroup II. The CP gene also showed homologies of 75%-97% in nucleotide and 77%-96% in amino acid with the CMV Indian isolates infecting various crops. On the basis of sequence homology, it was concluded that CMV-infecting geraniums in India belong to subgroup II.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Characterization of essential oil components of Iranian geranium oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometric resolution techniques.

The essential oil components of geranium oil cultivated in center of Iran were identified and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data combined with the chemometric resolution techniques. A total of 61 components accounting for 91.51% were identified using similarity searches between the mass spectra and MS database. This number was extended to 85 components using chemometric techniques. Various chemometric methods such as morphological scores, simplified Borgen method (SBM) and fixed size moving window evolving factor analysis (FSMWEFA) were used for determining the number of components, pure variables, zero concentration and selective regions. Then the overlapping peak clusters were resolved into pure chromatograms and pure mass spectra using heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP) method. A characteristic feature of the Iranian geranium oil is the absence of 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol in its constituents compared with the oil from northern and southern parts of India. The results of this work show that combination of hyphenated chromatographic methods and resolution techniques provide a complementary method for accurate analysis of essential oils.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed1996

Expression of a delta 9 14:0-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase gene is necessary for the production of omega 5 anacardic acids found in pest-resistant geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum).

Anacardic acids, a class of secondary compounds derived from fatty acids, are found in a variety of dicotyledonous families. Pest resistance (e.g., spider mites and aphids) in Pelargonium xhortorum (geranium) is associated with high levels (approximately 81%) of unsaturated 22:1 omega 5 and 24:1 omega 5 anacardic acids in the glandular trichome exudate. A single dominant locus controls the production of these omega 5 anacardic acids, which arise from novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids. We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a unique delta 9 14:0-acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase. Several lines of evidence indicated that expression of this desaturase leads to the production of the omega 5 anacardic acids involved in pest resistance. First, its expression was found in pest-resistant, but not suspectible, plants and its expression followed the production of the omega 5 anacardic acids in segregating populations. Second, its expression and the occurrence of the novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids and the omega 5 anacardic acids were specific to tall glandular trichomes. Third, assays of the recombinant protein demonstrated that this desaturase produced the 14:1 delta 9 fatty acid precursor to the novel 16:1 delta 11 and 18:1 delta 13 fatty acids. Based on our genetic and biochemical studies, we conclude that expression of this delta 9 14:0-ACP desaturase gene is required for the production of omega 5 anacardic acids that have been shown to be necessary for pest resistance in geranium.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field.

MyggA Natural (Bioglan, Lund, Sweden) is a commercially available repellent against blood-feeding arthropods. It contains 30% of lemon-scented eucalyptus, Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson (Myrtaceae), oil with a minimum of 50% p-menthane-3,8-diol. MyggA Natural also contains small amounts of the essential oils of lavender, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae), and geranium, Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. (Geraniaceae). In laboratory bioassays, MyggA Natural and C. citriodora oil exhibited 100% repellency against host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). Lavender oil and geranium oil, when diluted to 1% in 1,2-propanediol, had weak repellent activities on I. ricinus nymphs, but when diluted to 30% in 1,2-propanediol had 100% repellencies. 1,2-Propanediol (100%) had no significant repellent activity in comparison with that of the control. In field tests in tick-infested areas in central Sweden, tick repellency of MyggA Natural and C. citriodora oil was tested by the blanket-dragging technique for 4 d during a 6-d period. The repellencies (74 and 85%, respectively) on day 1 are similar (89%) to that of blankets treated in a similar manner with 19% diethyl-methyl-benzamide, based on previous work. Repellencies declined significantly from day 1 to day 6 (74 to 45% for MyggA Natural; 85 to 42% for C. citriodora oil).

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Geranium sanguineum (Geraniaceae) seed oil: a new source of petroselinic and vernolic acid.

The occurrence of petroselinic acid (18:1delta6cis) in seed oils was believed to be limited to the Umbelliferae or Apiaceae, and a few other members of the Umbelliflorae. A major occurrence of petroselinic acid outside the Umbelliflorae must therefore be regarded as highly unusual and surprising. The seed oil of Geranium sanguineum, a member of the family Geraniaceae, has now been found to contain petroselinic and vernolic acids as major FA in its seed oil TAG. These unusual FA have not been reported previously as constituents of Geraniaceae seed oils. The structure and composition of the seed oil FA from G. sanguineum were determined by combined use of chromatographic (TLC, capillary GLC) and spectroscopic (IR, GC-MS) techniques. The double-bond position in petroselinic acid was located unambiguously by the characteristic mass fragmentation of its dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) adduct. The epoxy FA was identified as vernolic acid by co-chromatography and by the mass fragments formed during GC-MS of the products of the epoxy ring-opening reaction with BF3 in methanol.

Chromatography↗

PubMed2005

In vitro antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts with antiviral properties from Geranium sanguineum L.

Recent evidence shows that plant polyphenols exhibit antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. By three separate and complementary methods--DPPH assay, beta-carotene-linoleic acid assay and NBT-reduction assay it was established that a polyphenol-rich extract from the medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. with strong anti-influenza virus activity, possessed antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities. For comparative reasons caffeic acid and the synthetic antioxidant BHT were used. Total soluble phenolic constituents of the MeOH extract measured by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were found as 34.60% (w/w). Further it was demonstrated that the EtOAc fraction, retaining the majority of the in vivo protective effect exhibited a strong O2-scavenging activity while the n-BuOH fraction, containing the majority of the in vitro antiviral activity provoked generation of O2-. The O2- scavenging activity of all three preparations correlated with the rate of the protective effect shown in the murine model of experimental influenza virus infection. The present results are in accordance with our intensive studies on the mode of the protective effect of the plant extract which showed positively that the protection may possibly be attributed to the combination of more than one biological activities and that the use of antioxidants might be an useful approach in the treatment of influenza infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Polyacylated neohesperidosides from Geranium caespitosum: bacterial multidrug resistance pump inhibitors.

Bioassay-directed fractionation for Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistance efflux pump inhibitors resulted in isolation of novel acylated neohesperidosides from Geranium caespitosum. The more highly acylated compounds had no direct activity against S. aureus, but potentiated activity of the antibiotics berberine, rhein, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Cellular concentrations of berberine were greatly increased in the presence of active esters.

Acylation↗

PubMed2005

Antioxidant activity of A-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum (Geraniaceae).

Geranium niveum S. Watson (Geraniaceae) is a medicinal herb widely used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. This species is rich in proanthocyanidins and other phenolics. Previous in vitro assays have demonstrated that proanthocyanidins exhibited antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, enzyme-inhibiting, antioxidant, and radical-scavenging properties. In view of its medicinal use and chemical composition, the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts and two proanthocyanidins (geranins A and D) from the roots of G. niveum by using seven different assay systems, namely, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2*-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH*), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2). Two known antioxidants, resveratrol and ascorbic acid, were used as positive controls. The results showed that geranins A and D and the extracts were able to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, O2*-, OH*, and HOCl. The scavenging ability of geranins A and D was similar to that of resveratrol and ascorbic acid in the following assays: ABTS, O2*-, and HOCl. The scavenging capacity of ascorbic acid for DPPH was higher than that of both geranins and resveratrol. On the other hand, the OH* scavenging action of both geranins and resveratrol was similar. The methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract had a higher ability to scavenge ABTS, DPPH, and O2*- radicals than the chloroform extract. In turn, the latter was more potent than the methanol-CHCl3 (1:1) extract as OH* or HOCl scavenger agent. Neither geranins A and D nor the extracts were able to scavenge H2O2 and (1)O2. In conclusion, G. niveum roots have proanthocyanidins with powerful radical scavenging in vitro activity. This property may partially explain the wide use of this plant in the Tarahumara indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses (other than spasms), pain, and fevers associated with oxidative stress.

Anthocyanins↗