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PubMed2000

Indoor viable mold spores--a comparison between two cities, Erfurt (eastern Germany) and Hamburg (western Germany).

BACKGROUND: In eastern Germany, the prevalence of allergies is lower than in western Germany for both children and adults. Several reasons for this fact have been discussed, although it is still not completely understood. One purpose of the epidemiologic study "Indoor and genetic factors in asthma and allergy" (INGA) is to compare exposure to mold spores in two German cities. Therefore, 405 homes in Erfurt (east) and Hamburg (west) were visited twice by trained investigators between June 1995 and May 1997. METHODS: Samples of settled dust were taken by vacuuming from the carpet in the living room. Sieved house dust was diluted and plated on DG18 agar. The analyses were carried out in duplicate in the same laboratory. RESULTS: No significant difference could be shown for the total and for single genera (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium) in concentration of spores of viable fungi in settled house dust between Erfurt and Hamburg. Seasonal variation of the mold picture, with highest values in August, could be identified both indoors and outdoors. CONCLUSIONS: Because outdoor concentration is the main influence on indoor concentration of mold spores from June to October, we recommend sampling from November to May to evaluate exposure to indoor mold spores.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interrelationships between mortality and fertility in Germany: rural and urban Prussia and modern Germany.

"The paper investigates the interrelationship between fertility and infant mortality and its economic determinants by time-series methods for historical and modern Germany. It is studied whether the causal effects of infant mortality on fertility have to be considered as hoarding or replacement, and whether the costs of nutrition have an influence on family decision making about demographic variables. Results show that there are indications for replacement motives, and that economic factors matter." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Demography↗

PubMed1982

[Epidemiology of malignant melanoma in East Germany and West Germany].

Data are given on the incidence of the malignant melanoma in the German Democratic Republic. The latter steadily increased from 1955 to 1975, i.e., from 1.55/100,000 (male) and 1.80/100,000 (female) to 3.1/100,000 (male) and 4.3/100,000 (female). A genuine increase of the incidence can be proven by age standardization from 1968 to 1975. Between 1955 and 1975 the incidence in men and women doubled in the German Democratic Republic. The death rate from malignant melanomas is about stationary. The survival rate in men lies about 50%, that in women is higher. In the Federal Republic of Germany about 1,674 incidences in 1969, about 1,825 in 1974, and more than 2,000 incidences of malignant melanomas in 1975 were to be expected. UV radiation and chemical carcinogens influence the incidence of the malignant melanoma in our area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Diabetes--prevalence and cost of illness in Germany: a study evaluating data from the statutory health insurance in Germany.

OBJECTIVE: This population-based study assesses the prevalence and cost of illness as a result of diabetes mellitus in Germany by retrospectively analysing routine health insurance data. Prevalence and costs were analysed from statutory health insurance (GKV) and societal perspectives. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The analysis comprises data of all insured persons of six large sickness funds. The insured with diabetes were identified via ICD-9 diagnosis and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) code for regular medication prescriptions. Costs for inpatient stay, medication and sickness benefits were taken from claims data. Costs for rehabilitation, premature death and early retirement were calculated using the human capital approach and data from national statistics. RESULTS: Overall diabetes prevalence in this age and sex standardized census of six large sickness funds was 6.45%. The cost of illness for sickness funds including hospital cost, medication and sickness benefits, and excluding ambulatory doctor care, were Euro 3.69bn . The total cost of diabetes from a societal perspective was calculated at Euro 5.71bn for the year 1999. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the results of recent studies using routinely collected health insurance data, our study suggests that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased steadily in the past years. The prevalence in our population of 14.7 million insured was 6.45%. Total costs of diabetes mellitus amounted to Euro 5.71bn.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Health protection in the workplace in Germany (former Federal Republic of Germany) in 1973-1990].

1. In Germany health protection against injuries at work is distinctly separated from the general health care of the population. 2. Health protection at work includes: recognition, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation connected with occupational diseases as well as prevention of accidents at work. The total cost of this system including accident indemnities is covered by the employer. 3. The system of health care and safety at work within the enterprise comprises a coordinated activity of the physician inspector and a representative of the enterprise and the owner. 4. In big enterprises there is another system operating parallel to the one mentioned above: this system provide comprehensive health care. The costs are covered by contributions both on the paid of the employers and the employees.

Germany, West↗

PubMed1964