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PubMed2000

Evaluation of a Goal Attainment Program using the Goal Attainment Scale for Psychiatric In-patients in vocational rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the newly developed clinical protocol "Goal Attainment Program" to assist psychiatric in-patients in Hong Kong to formulate realistic life goals, with a view to shortening their length of stay and motivating them to join in work rehabilitation. The Goal Attainment Scale for Psychiatric In-patients was validated and used to evaluate the change in life goals after attending the four-session Goal Attainment Program. The validated 10-item version of the Goal Attainment Scale for Psychiatric In-patients (GASPI-10) was found to have good inter-rater reliability (rho_{I} ranged from 0.64 to 0.88,p < 0.01; N = 26) and internal consistency (alpha of rater 1 = 0.92, rater 2 = 0.87, N = 26). Twenty-five chronic psychiatric in-patients of Castle Peak Hospital in Hong Kong completed the Goal Attainment Program and were assessed using a pre and post-test quasi-experimental design. The T-score computation of GASPI-10 indicated that 92% of patients showed improvement in goal attainment. Some 92% of patients stated that they were willing to leave hospital, and 72% of participants planned to seek paid employment upon discharge after completion of the program. The overall results of this study verified the effectiveness of the Goal Attainment Program in instilling hope in chronic patients with schizophrenia and the use of the Goal Attainment Scale in documenting patients' progress.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance.

The authors conducted 2 studies of subconscious goal motivation. First, the authors ran a pilot study to establish the effects of priming of subconscious goals on a performance task frequently used in goal setting research. Second, the authors conducted the main study in which the authors examined the effects of both priming of subconscious goals and assigned conscious goals on the same performance task. The authors found significant main effects of both manipulations and a significant interaction between subconscious and conscious goals. The effects of conscious difficult and do-best goals were enhanced by subconscious goals, although conscious easy goals were not affected. All effects from the main study still held after 1 day.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The influences of goal-related action and goal information on children's perceptions of trying and wanting: an action-perception approach.

The influences of goal-related actions and goal information on children's try-and-want perceptions were investigated with an action-perception approach (i.e., Heider, 1958). Kindergartners, second graders, and fifth graders heard stories that depicted actors engaged in one action, that same action three times, or three equifinal actions to attain a positive or negative goal. The children rated how much actors tried and wanted to attain the goal. The findings indicate that the actors who engaged in only one action were perceived to have tried and wanted the least, and the actors who engaged in equifinal actions were perceived to have tried and wanted the most. The actors who engaged in one action were not significantly differentiated from those who engaged in repetitive actions. However, the actors who engaged in repetitive actions were significantly differentiated from those who engaged in equifinal actions. For try ratings only, the children made all expected differentiations of actors by goal-related action in negative goal conditions, whereas fewer differentiations were made of actors in positive goal conditions. Age-related findings indicate that only younger children perceived that the actors who pursued positive goals tried and wanted more than those who pursued negative goals.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Goal pursuit, goal self-concordance, and the accessibility of autobiographical knowledge.

Recent theory suggests that personal goals influence the accessibility of autobiographical knowledge. We suggest that this effect is moderated by goal self-concordance: the extent to which a goal is pursued for autonomous rather than controlling reasons. Cueing paradigms were used to measure the accessibility of autobiographical knowledge relating to (i) goals that participants were and were not pursuing, and (ii) currently pursued goals that were high and low in self-concordance. As predicted, autobiographical knowledge relating to currently pursued goals was more accessible than autobiographical knowledge relating to non-pursued goals. General event knowledge relating to self-concordant goals was more accessible than general event knowledge relating to non-self-concordant goals, but a corresponding relationship did not emerge for event-specific knowledge.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between life goals at thirty and perceptions of goal attainment and life satisfaction at seventy for gifted men and women.

This article examines the relationship between life goals at thirty and perceptions of goal attainment, happiness, and life satisfaction at seventy for gifted men and women. Respondents were members of the Terman Study of the Gifted. Men and women differed in life goals at age thirty, with men predominantly oriented toward occupational pursuit, and women predominantly oriented toward home and family life. Results showed a significant sex difference in feelings of goal attainment at age seventy, with men reporting greater attainment. Women with occupational goals at age thirty reported lower feelings of goal attainment at age seventy than women without such goals. For men, a positive relationship was found between satisfaction and happiness at age seventy and feelings of goal attainment. For women, these relationships varied according to life goals at age thirty. The implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Perception of goal proximity, latency and duration of action plans, and worry in relation to goal distance in time and personality characteristics.

128 male high school students were tested for achievement motives, future-time orientation and perceived intrinsic instrumentality, and answered several questions related to future goals or tests at different distances in time. Success-oriented individuals and individuals with high future-time orientation perceived the goals as closer, planned to initiate preparations for the goals earlier, and planned to devote more time in the preparation than failure-oriented individuals and those with low future-time orientation. Interactions of motives and future-time orientation on the perception of goal proximity and planned time of initiating goal preparations did also emerge. Motives and future-time orientation affected the dependent variables most when the goals were at some distance in time (i.e., 1 yr. and 3 mo.), and the effects were minimized for the goal relatively close in time (i.e., 1 wk.). Individuals with high instrumentality report that they would start preparations earlier, devote more time to all goal preparations, and perceive more worry for the goal closest in time than individuals with low instrumentality. In addition, interactions of motives and instrumentality and of future-time orientation and instrumentality are presented. The results are interpreted and discussed in relation to the dynamics of action theory of Atkinson and Birch and other theories of achievement motivation.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived goal ownership, regulatory goal cognition, and health behavior change.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the links among perceived goal ownership, regulatory goal cognition, and health behavior change. METHODS: A sample of 390 college students completed measures of (a) perceived goal ownership for a goal related to a health behavior that they, their dating partner, or both were seeking to change, (b) 9 aspects of regulatory goal cognition, and (c) health behavior change. RESULTS: As compared to participants with self-set and joint-set goals, participants with partner-set goals reported less adaptive regulatory goal cognition and were less likely to report positive changes in health behavior. CONCLUSION: Efforts to change dating partner's health behaviors should be framed as joint-set goals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

["Public health goals"--concepts this side of utopia? Berlin Public Health Research Organization--divided project "Goals and goal indicators for East and West Berlin Public Health"].

Objectives or targets for health have been presented by the World Health Organisation as well as a number of national health administrations. Health objectives are intended as guidelines attracting the commitment of decision makers and health professionals. As a "normative health indicator" a health objective should quantify the desired progress and give the time by which it could be attained. The article discusses general and methodical aspects which are thought to be relevant in identifying and quantifying health objectives for a population.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of goal attainment expectation and competition goal generation.

Jones's control model was adopted to investigate differences in the labelling of symptoms associated with pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence as a function of goal attainment expectation and competition goal generation. Team sport performers (N = 96) were divided into outcome, performance and process goal groups. Anxiety intensity and direction, and self-confidence were then examined as a function of goal expectancy (positive or negative) and perceived input into goal production (input or no input). MANOVA and follow-up ANOVA supported the study predictions. Specifically, participants who reported positive expectations of goal achievement and indicated some input into the goal generation process experienced the most facilitative interpretations of cognitive symptoms and greater self-confidence. The results highlight the need to consider how goals are generated when attempting to foster a sense of control and help athletes cope with the psychological demands of competition.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis.

Goals are central to current treatments of work motivation, and goal commitment is a critical construct in understanding the relationship between goals and task performance. Despite this importance, there is confusion about the role of goal commitment and only recently has this key construct received the empirical attention it warrants. This meta-analysis, based on 83 independent samples, updates the goal commitment literature by summarizing the accumulated evidence on the antecedents and consequences of goal commitment. Using this aggregate empirical evidence, the role of goal commitment in the goal-setting process is clarified and key areas for future research are identified.

Achievement↗

PubMed2003

Missing the mark: effects of time and causal attributions on goal revision in response to goal-performance discrepancies.

In an attempt to extend past goal setting research, the present study examined the influence of goal-performance discrepancies (GPDs), causal attributions, and temporal factors on the process of dynamic self-regulation. Goal revision processes were examined longitudinally in a sample of 100 varsity-level college track and field athletes over the course of an 8-week competitive season. The results indicate that an individual's GPD significantly predicted the amount of goal revision engaged in by the athletes, such that participants were more likely to lower their competition (proximal) and season (distal) goals when they failed to reach these goals and their respective GPDs were large. However, as hypothesized, this relationship was moderated by stability attributions and the temporal location of the individual with respect to the time period allotted for goal attainment. Implications for future research in the area of goal setting and dynamic self-regulation are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Interference and facilitation among personal goals: differential associations with subjective well-being and persistent goal pursuit.

Three studies demonstrate that mutual facilitation and interference among personal goals are distinct characteristics rather than mutually exclusive opposites and have different functions for psychological well-being and goal pursuit. The three studies vary in design (cross-sectional, short-termlongitudinal) and follow a multimethod approach using questionnaires, diaries, and objective behavioral information. Results show that interference among goals (resulting from resource constraints and incompatible goal attainment strategies) is negatively associated with trait and state well-being, whereas mutual facilitation among goals (resulting from instrumental goal relations and overlapping goal attainment strategies) is positively associated with involvement in goal pursuit.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Effects of goals and perceived probabilities of goal attainment on self-assessment].

This study examined effects of explicitness of achievement goals and perceived probabilities of goal attainment on self-assessment. Subjects were 251 undergraduate students. They were first asked, as measure of explicitness of goals, if they hope to acquire good capability in scientific research, and second how they perceived their probabilities of goal attainment. Self-assessment behavior was measured by task choice and task preference for four tasks which differ in diagnosticity. The main results were as follows. (a) The most diagnostic task was chosen more often by the subjects who both had an explicit goal and perceived the probability of goal attainment high, and those who didn't have an explicit goal and perceived the probability low. (b) On task preference, the effects of goal explicitness and perceived probability were not found. These results suggest that self-assessment be done for future self-enhancement.

Achievement↗

PubMed1983

The role of goal acceptance in goal setting and task performance.

Goal setting has been widely used to enhance work motivation. This paper discusses the importance of goal acceptance in moderating goal setting effects and shows how workers' acceptance of goals can be influenced at various stages of the progression from goal setting to goal attainment. A heuristic organization of goal acceptance strategies is proposed as a basis for extending the theoretical framework underlying goal setting research.

Goals↗

PubMed1983

Abdominal computed tomography. Comparison of the usefulness of goal-directed v non-goal-directed studies.

We reviewed the indications for 210 consecutive abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans. One-hundred sixty-six CT scans were done in a goal-directed fashion, whereas 44 were non-goal-directed as part of the evaluation of non-specific abdominal pain, fever, or weight loss. Forty-three percent of CT scans done in a goal-directed fashion revealed new significant information as opposed to only 2% of non-goal-directed studies. Sixteen percent of goal-directed CT scans were normal as opposed to 41% of non-goal-directed CT scans. In at least 16% of cases, abdominal CT scans revealed data confirmatory of information obtained by other modalities. We conclude that abdominal CT scanning used in a non-goal-directed fashion is rarely helpful; however, goal-directed scanning often yields important information.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2006

Pursuing goals for us: relationally autonomous reasons in long-term goal pursuit.

People pursue goals for a variety of reasons, including reasons that take into account close relationships (termed relationally autonomous reasons, or RARs). Two longitudinal studies examined the degree to which relational self-construal, RARs, and personally autonomous reasons (PARs) predicted goal attainment. In Study 1, 166 participants rated 7 goals on several goal outcomes at 2 sessions. Results revealed that self-construal was positively associated with RARs and that RARs predicted goal attainment, controlling for PARs. Study 2 (N = 177) added a 3rd follow-up to the Study 1 design, and results showed perceived progress toward one's goals predicted enhanced RARs but not enhanced PARs. Both studies showed that RARs are an effective motivational component in goal pursuit and attainment.

Achievement↗

PubMed2004

[Outcome quality of psychosomatic rehabilitation: goal attainment scaling on the basis of a structured catalogue of therapy goals].

Within the scope of a multicenter study regarding the outcome quality of inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation a structured catalogue of therapy goals (SZK, strukturierter Therapiezielkatalog) was developed. The catalogue contains 89 predetermined therapy goals as well as the option to formulate further goals in own words. The SZK is available both as a patient and as a therapist version. At the beginning of treatment up to five primary objectives are chosen from the list. At the end of treatment and at the 1-year follow-up the level of achievement of objectives is assessed. Moreover the SZK contains the option to mark goals as not relevant any more and to add goals which came up during the treatment and to evaluate them regarding the level of achievement. The study on hand asks for empirical identification of the target structure. Furthermore, reliability and validity of the calculated measures of goal attainment are analysed. As the most important finding the SZK turns out to be a practical and economical assessment instrument for goal-oriented evaluation.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Do we really want a program evaluation strategy based solely on individualized goals? A critique of goal attainment scaling.

Goal attainment scaling is a program evaluation technique that measures program success using individualized client goals rather than the same measuring instrument for all clients. Although the reliability of the goal attainment scales is generally acceptable, such scales have not exhibited satisfactory validity. Also when clients have not been assigned to programs randomly, evaluations comparing two or more programs using goal attainment scales are potentially more biased than evaluations that use the same outcome measure for all clients. Thus since goal attainment scaling does have therapeutic value, program evaluators should adopt a multivariate assessment strategy combining goal attainment scaling with uniform measuring instruments.

Community Mental Health Services↗