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Group process and childbirth education: a position paper.

Each childbirth education class has a group life of its own, and the responsibility for the group functioning is shared among all members. Experimental learning derived through group functioning has the potential for being as significant as the learning of specific skills. Formulating a contract between the teacher/leader and the members of the class can help in clarifying realistic objectives and goals. The teacher/leader can assist couples to learn new behavior and to confront their own feelings about becoming patents.

Female

Resident self-awareness through group process.

Too frequently the behavioral sciences have been conceived as another specialty from which will be derived new techniques to extend the physician's armamentarium. The doctor/patient relationship as well as referrals and consultations have been assumed to be reducible to ritualized protocols and treatments. The personality of the physician and his interpersonal style both with patients and colleagues have often been ignored as being beyond the purview of professional concern. Yet the person of the physician is subject to the influence of colleagues and patients as well as their factual reports. Traditionally, the physician has not received training to allow him/her more objectively to understand the dynamic social processes through which health care planning is formulated, delivered, and received. With such social skills training the physician is in a better position to understand the dynamic processes within the family itself. Both health-care teams and families exhibit similar problems with parental authority, sibling rivalry, differential learning styles, and different career priorities. It is, therefore, essential that an adequate behavioral science program be structured to include learning experiences in which the physician can gain a greater awareness of self, interpersonal style, professional role, and group dynamic processes. Simulated health-care team exercises and encounter groups are two avenues through which such learning can be approached.

Family Practice

The impact of observers on group process and content.

The observer's impact on the process and content of over fifty, two-day, intensive training groups was evaluated by leaders, members, and observers. There was general agreement across the three perspectives that the observer's influence was significant and potentially negative. The group members experienced the observer as more intrusive than did their leaders. The effects were predominantly indirect, and reflected in the content of group interactions both during and after the observer's visit. Results are discussed in terms of their clinical implications, and recommendations are made for how leaders may maximize the therapeutic potential of the observer's contributions.

Group Processes

Group processes involved in coming to terms with a mentally retarded identity.

A growing body of research has documented the existence of the problem of stigma among people with mental retardation. Normalization-based services often seem to collude with current consensus, which indicates that the best way to cope with stigma is by "passing" for "normal." In the present paper we presented an alternative method of dealing with stigma, namely, group therapy based on the two paradigms of loss and consciousness raising. In talking about their experiences with retardation and stigma, seven group members passed through six stages: denial, statement, recognition, exploration, meaning, and acceptance. Implications of this approach for working with people who have mental retardation were discussed.

Adult

Therapeutic group process with the institutional elderly.

This paper reviews the status of geriatric group psychotherapy and the experience with such programs at the Miami Jewish Home and Hospital for the Aged. Specific ways are suggested for enhancing the administration of group psycho-therapy programs in the geriatric institutional setting. Group therapy techniques adapted to the specialized needs of the aged are of definite therapeutic benefit.

Aged