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PubMed2004

Effect of destruction of gyrus cinguli in rat brain on the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine and physical dependence on morphine.

We studied the effect of bilateral laser destruction of rat anterior cingulate gyrus on the analgesic effect of morphine and development of tolerance and physical dependence on morphine. Bilateral laser destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus did not modulate pain sensitivity, analgesic effect of morphine, and development of morphine tolerance. Destruction of the cingulate gyrus alleviated symptoms of the abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent animals. We showed that morphine-induced analgesia and morphine tolerance are not associated with activity of the anterior cingulate gyrus. However, this structure plays a key role in the development of physical dependence on morphine and abstinence syndrome.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1977

The histoenzymic activity of gyrus cinguli in the course of postnatal ontogeny of the rat.

Histochemical investigations concerning the activity of several dehydrogenases and hydrolases in the area cinguli during postnatal ontogenic development of the rat were performed. Brain sections corresponding to the region of area cinguli, obtained from rats aged 1, 3, 8, 17, 40 and 60 days postnatal, were subjected to histochemical assays for various dehydrogenases, phosphatases and esterases. The developmental changes concerning histoenzymic reactivity of the callosal gyrus with regard to several respiratory and hydrolytic enzymes were assessed and described. Considerable differences in enzymic reactivity, appertaining particularly to the phosphatases and esterases, between the anterior and posterior parts of the callosal gyrus were found. The unusual enzymic reactivity of glial cells in the individual regions of the area cinguli has been pointed out.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Quantitative studies on the dendritic spine distribution on the lamina-5 pyramidal cells in the anterior gyrus cinguli of the rat].

At three months old male rats the spine-distribution of the main dendrite and of the apical and basal dendrites of 36 lamina V-pyramidal cells of the regio cingularis (anterior cingulate cortex) was analyzed (from every subregion -- neocortex, mesoneocortex, mesoarchicortex -- 12 neurons). 1. The limbic pyramidal neurons show the same spine-distribution at their main dendrite as neocortical neurons of other brain regions and other mammal-species do: after an initial segment with poor spines only there follows an rapid increase of the spine-values with an amount at a range of 150 mum from the perikaryon, thereafter spine-values decrease continuously and slowly up the branching into the terminal bundle. 2. Basal and apical lateral dendrites however show another spine-distribution: basally there is an increase of the spine-values from the 1st up to the 3rd order, followed by a decrease at subsequent orders. Apically spine-density decreases from the 1st up to the 4th order. 3. The spine-distribution at the parts of the dendritic tree is discussed as a general biological sign of pyramidal cells. 4. The total number of spines of lamina V-pyramidal cells in the regio cingularis (anterior cingulate cortex) is less than those in the sensomotoric cortex and in the hippocampus, which corresponds with the lower differentiation of the limbic cortex. 5. By means of a variance-analysis the pyramidal spine-values of the three subregions were compared: concerning the total number of spines of a pyramidal neuron there are significant differences between the three subregions; the values are in the ratio of 3 to 2 to 1 (Regio praecentralis agranularis, 2461; mesoneocortex, 1664; mesoarchicortex, 800). The significantly least spine-density of all parts of the dendritic tree you can find in lamina V-pyramidal cells of the mesoarchicortex. 6. The equality of the basal and apical spine-values in the mesoneocortex is due to less specialization of these neurons. 7. The spine-values for a single dendritic field (EDF) show the differences between the limbic subregions clearly: there are significant differences between the three subregions concerning not only the number of spines but also the spine-densities apically and basally.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Memory disorders and deep structures of the brain].

Clinical and neuropsychologic examination of 141 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) was examined according to A.R.Lurye method. AVM of caudate nucleus were found in 27 patients, of thalamus in 34 ones, of hippocampal formation in 39 individuals, of gyrus cinguli in 41 cases. 102 patients were operated. Both total impairment of the memory and its peculiarities in damages of different structures were found in patients with AVM. A common peculiarity was the development of the amnestic symptom complex similar to Korsakov's syndrome. Such disorders occur only in combined damages of the deep structures (before the operation in patients with ventricular hemorrhages), excluding patients with AVM of caudate nucleus. The memory impairments were modal-nonspecific; in all the patients an audio-speech delayed memory was altered and reproduction in visual memory. Peculiarities of memory impairments in damage of separate structures were functional asymmetry of the defects of memory in AVM of caudate nucleus and thalamus (if present) as well as permanent inclusions and contaminations in AVM of gyrus cinguli. During process of evolution separate sides of memory function might be doubled in different structures, and each of them might have its own contribution to memory function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Active, phosphorylation-dependent MAP kinases, MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38, and specific transcription factor substrates are differentially expressed following systemic administration of kainic acid to the adult rat.

Excitotoxicity is considered a major cell death inductor in neurodegeneration. Yet the mechanisms involved in cell death and cell survival following excitotoxic insults are poorly understood. Expression of active, phosphorylation-dependent mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERKs), stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs) and p38 kinases, as well as their putative active, phosphorylation-dependent specific transcriptional factor substrates CREB, Elk-1, ATF-2, c-Myc and c-Jun, has been examined following systemic administration of kainic acid (KA) at convulsant doses to rats. Increased phosphorylated MAPK (MAPK(P)) immunoreactivity has been found at 3 and 6 h in the vulnerable regions entorhinal cortex and CA3, in which neurons are committed to die, as well as in sensitive regions dentate gyrus and gyrus cinguli, in which neurons will survive. JNK(P) has been observed in the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, and p38(P) immunoreactivity occurs in the entorhinal cortex. Strong c-Myc(P) expression parallels MAPK(P) immunoreactivity in the entorhinal cortex, CA3, dentate gyrus and gyrus cinguli, showing that enhanced c-Myc(P) expression does not preclude cell death or cell survival. Selective decrease of CREB(P) immunoreactivity in entorhinal cortex and CA3 indicates CREB(P) reduction associated with cell death. Strong c-Jun(P) immunoreactivity has been found in the entorhinal cortex, CA3 and dentate gyrus, thus suggesting that regulation of two opposing cellular programs (cell death or cell survival) of c-Jun(P) depends on c-Jun interactions with other factors. Interestingly, ATF-2(P), and to a lesser extent Elk-1(P), is selectively increased in the dentate gyrus. These results suggest ATF-2(P) involvement in cell survival of dentate gyrus granule cells. The present results demonstrate activation of specific MAPK pathways in association with either cell death or cell survival triggered by KA. Furthermore, increased Ras activation, as seen with p21 Ras activation assay, indicates a crucial role for Ras in activating MAP kinases following excitotoxic insult.

Activating Transcription Factor 2↗
PubMed1996

Brain monoaminergic and neuropeptidergic variations in human aging.

The effect of age on the monoamines 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA), their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3,4-dihydroxphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), together with the peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), was studied in frontal cortex, gyrus cinguli and hypothalamus from 23 healthy control subjects, aged 16-75 years. After correcting for postmortem interval, significant decreases in gyrus cinguli NA, NPY and CRF, and hypothalamic DA, HVA, and 5-HIAA concentrations were obtained with advancing age. The involvement of the monoaminergic system in several functional abnormalities appearing in senescence is suggested. Furthermore, evidence is given of the participation of the peptidergic systems in the aging process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Microinjections of tubocurarine, leptazol, strychnine and picrotoxin into the cerebral cortex of anaesthetized cats.

1. In cats anaesthetized with intravenous chloralose, microinjections of tubocurarine, leptazol, strychnine or picrotoxin, in a volume of 1 mul, were made into the grey matter of the cerebral cortex and the electrical activity was recorded from the site of injection with the microinjection cannula which, insulated except at its tip, served as recording electrode.2. Routinely the injections were made into the gyrus splenialis or into the underlying gyrus cinguli close to the mid-line, because the injections would then most likely be in grey and not in white matter. Injected in this way all four drugs set up foci of excitation which gave rise to synchronous firing of a large number of neurones with the result that high voltage negative spikes were recorded from the microinjection cannula.3. On injection into the gyrus splenialis the threshold dose was about 0.04 mug for picrotoxin, about 0.2 mug for tubocurarine, about 5 mug for strychnine and 25 to 50 mug for leptazol. Following the injection of larger doses the spike discharge continued for a few hours after picrotoxin and tubocurarine, for over an hour after strychnine, but for a few minutes only after leptazol. On injection into the gyrus cinguli the threshold doses were slightly greater and with larger doses the spikes occurred at greater frequency but were of lower voltage than in the gyrus splenialis.4. With large doses of picrotoxin injected into the gyrus splenialis the spikes developed an after-positivity and an after-discharge which sometimes passed into a short period of fast activity.5. The foci of excitation set up by the drugs were restricted to the site of injection because on raising or lowering the microinjection cannula the spikes recorded from it quickly decreased in voltage and then disappeared. When the injections were made close to a sulcus and the microinjection cannula, on being lowered, traversed the sulcus, the spikes changed their polarity.6. The spike discharge appears to be a consistent response to the injections of the drugs into grey matter of any part of the cerebral cortex since it was also obtained on their injection into the pyriform cortex, amygdala and area retrolimbica anterior, but not on their injection into white matter or caudate nucleus, thalamus or hypothalamus.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Regional distribution of neuropeptide Y and its receptor in the porcine central nervous system.

The regional distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity and receptor binding was studied in the porcine CNS. The highest amounts of immunoreactive NPY were found in the hypothalamus, septum pellucidum, gyrus cinguli, cortex frontalis, parietalis, and piriformis, corpus amygdaloideum, and bulbus olfactorius (200-1,000 pmol/g wet weight). In the cortex temporalis and occipitalis, striatum, hippocampus, tractus olfactorius, corpus mamillare, thalamus, and globus pallidus, the NPY content was 50-200 pmol/g wet weight, whereas the striatum, colliculi, substantia nigra, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and medulla spinalis contained less than 50 pmol/g wet weight. The receptor binding of NPY was highest in the hippocampus, corpus fornicis, corpus amygdaloideum, nucleus accumbens, and neurohypophysis, with a range of 1.0-5.87 pmol/mg of protein. Intermediate binding (0.5-1.0 pmol/mg of protein) was found in the septum pellucidum, columna fornicis, corpus mamillare, cortex piriformis, gyrus cinguli, striatum, substantia grisea centralis, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. In the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, corpus pineale, colliculi, corpus geniculatum mediale, nucleus ruber, pons, medulla oblongata, and medulla spinalis, receptor binding of NPY was detectable but less than 0.5 pmol/mg of protein. No binding was observed in the bulbus and tractus olfactorius and adenohypophysis. In conclusion, immunoreactive NPY and its receptors are widespread in the porcine CNS, with predominant location in the limbic system, olfactory system, hypothalamoneurohypophysial tract, corpus striatum, and cerebral cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Isolation and estimation of gangliosides in discrete regions of the forebrain: effects of estrogen on regional lipid profiles.

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the neurochemical changes in the levels of gangliosides, total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, esterified fatty acids and triglyceride of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, midline nuclei of thalamus, gyrus cinguli and olfactory bulbs following the intramuscular administration of ethinylestradiol (100 mcg) to each female rabbit daily for 30 days. Remarkable increment in the concentration of gangliosides was discernible in hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus and olfactory bulbs. Interestingly, these levels showed significant decrement in the hypothalamus. The contents of total lipids, triglyceride and esterified fatty acids exhibited significant decrease in the hypothalamus. On the other hand, these levels showed a remarkable increment in olfactory bulbs with a significant elevation in the levels of phospholipids. The concentration of phospholipids was, however, markedly depleted in amygdaloid nucleus. The contents of esterified fatty acids exhibited decrement in hippocampus but the midline nuclei of thalamus showed increment. A significant elevation was also discernible in the levels of triglyceride in gyrus cinguli. The results suggest that the lipid contents are affected differentially in the various parts of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

BOLD effects in different areas of the cerebral cortex during painful mechanical stimulation.

The contribution of four cortical areas (S1, S2, insular cortex and gyrus cinguli) to pain processing was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Phasic (mechanical impact) and tonic stimuli (squeezing) were applied to the back of a finger, both at two different strengths. Stimuli were adjusted to inflict weak and strong pain sensations. It had been shown before that stronger noxious mechanical stimuli induce a weaker input from myelinated mechanoreceptors, but a more vigorous input from nociceptive primary afferents, and vice versa. Sizes of activation clusters and percent increase of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal during activation were compared in the areas of interest. Phasic stimulus patterns were more closely reflected in the time course of the MR signal in S1, S2 and the cingulate than tonic patterns, since the tonic stimuli tended to induce slow MR signal increase also during the resting periods which is in parallel to the persisting character of the tonic pain sensations. In S1 only the contralateral side was activated in most cases, and the more painful stimuli did not induce greater BOLD responses compared to the less painful stimuli in this area. Paradoxically, more painful stimuli produced smaller activation clusters in S1, both in tonic and phasic stimulus trials. In contralateral S2 more painful phasic stimuli induced significantly stronger BOLD responses than the weaker stimuli. The responses to tonic stimuli did not differentiate painfulness and were significantly smaller than the phasic. Activation clusters in this area were also smaller for tonic stimuli. In the gyrus cinguli more painful phasic stimuli induced stronger BOLD responses, but no difference was seen between tonic stimulation of different strength. Though the insular cortex was often bilaterally activated, no significant differences between stimulus quality or intensity were found. Our results provide evidence for a contribution of the S2 projection area and of the cingulate cortex to the processing of the intensity dimension of phasic mechanical pain. Such evidence was not found for the S1 area, which probably receives dominant input from non-nociceptive mechanoreceptors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The classical stroop interference task as a prefrontal activation probe: a validation study using 99Tcm-ECD brain SPECT.

This study investigated the feasibility of brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) functional imaging in a neuropsychological test setting, following a single-day protocol with a split-dose paradigm. The Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) is an example of a well-documented prefrontal activation task. In a split-dose protocol, ten right-handed healthy volunteers were injected twice with 370 MBq 99Tcm-ethyl cysteinate dimer while performing consecutively both series of card-reading of the SCWT. Images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection and normalized to a standard template in Talairach coordinates. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM96) was used to determine voxelwise significant changes. A first activation cluster was found in the left medial prefrontal cortex, consisting of the gyrus cinguli anterior and the gyrus frontalis medius and superior. A second activation cluster included the right gyrus frontalis dorsalis and medius. These findings confirm to a large extent the results of previous functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography studies of Stroop-like tasks. The choice and validity of various methodological characteristics of the experimental design leading to these results is critically discussed. It is concluded that brain SPECT activation with the Stroop Color Word Test under standard neuropsychological conditions in healthy volunteers, is both technically and practically feasible.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A primitive gigantopyramidal field buried in the depth of the cingulate sulcus of the human brain.

By stereomicroscopical examination of a complete series of pigment preparations up to 1000 mum thick, a gigantopyramidal area in the brain of man is described, which lies in front of the primary motor field on the medial surface of the hemisphere and is almost totally buried in the depth of the cingulate sulcus extending in both length and width over about 15 mm. Serial sections cut in the transverse plane display the field approximately within the limits of the commissura anterior on the one hand and the corpora mamillaria on the other, where it occupies large parts of the dorsal wall of the gyrus cinguli (lower bank of sulcus cinguli) and a small area of the adjacent superior frontal gyrus. The sharply outlined field does not fuse with the primary motor area and is evidently more primitively organized than the precentral motor field. Structural details betray an intimate relationship between this gigantopyramidal field and the archipallial proisocortex. We could clearly trace a gradation, that is, a stepwise change of architectonic features in constant orientation from the limbic proisocortex over a small paralimbic transition zone to the gigantopyramidal field, accounting for the numerous limbic traits recognizable within it, such as, for instance, an accentuated external granular layer, a dense and broad lamina pyramidalis, and a band-like appearance of Va.

Frontal Lobe↗