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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1954

Isolation of B virus (herpes group) from the central nervous system of a rhesus monkey.

While passaging a recently isolated strain of poliomyelitis virus through a rhesus monkey, another virus was procured from its central nervous system. After intracerebral inoculation, the virus produced meningoencephalitis in monkeys, cotton rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits; after intracutaneous inoculation a necrotic skin lesion was produced in the monkey and rabbit and this was often followed by myelitis. The virus could also be passed in newborn mice less than 48 hours old and in chick embryos by inoculation of the chorioallantoic membrane. Immunological and host range studies revealed this virus to be related to the B virus originally described by Sabin and Wright in 1934 (1). To our knowledge this is the first record of B virus having been isolated from a monkey, and lends support to the inclusion of this agent as the simian member of the herpes group. The infection is not uncommon in monkey stocks, as revealed by the finding of antibodies to the virus in their sera. In the present series 9 of 44 monkeys gave positive antibody tests. Gamma globulin prepared in the United States in 1945, 1951, and 1953, as well as a certain proportion of sera from normal individuals in Bombay, India, and elsewhere, showed neutralizing activity against the new strain of B virus, and also to herpes simplex virus. This may be the result of the partial crossing which exists between the two viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1954

Structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. I. Herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex virus was visualized by the electron microscope in sections of infected chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos. Removal of the embedding methacrylate from relatively thick sections permitted large numbers of viral particles to be seen but caused extensive alteration of cellular components as well as variable distortion of viral structure. This distortion was characterized by disruption of particles and loss of central bodies, resulting in ring or empty shell forms. An inner structure of the virus was revealed in ultrathin sections from which the embedding plastic was not removed. The nuclei of infected cells contained small, dense, primary bodies (30 to 40 mmicro in diameter) as well as slightly larger and less dense particles (40 to 50 mmicro in diameter) surrounded by a single membrane (70 to 100 mmicro in diameter). In the cytoplasm most of the particles possessed a double outer membrane (120 to 130 mmicro in diameter). It is suggested that the initial site of viral development is restricted to the nucleus where primary bodies form and become enclosed by a single outer membrane. Upon release into the cytoplasm these particles appear to acquire a second outer membrane and presumably represent the mature virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1954

Some observations on the intracellular localization of the virus of herpes simplex in the chick embryo liver.

The growth cycle of the virus of herpes simplex in chick embryo liver has been shown to follow the same pattern as in the chorioallantoic membrane and the rabbit's corneal cells. However, there is considerable variability in the time taken for the yolk sac-inoculated virus to get from the yolk sac into the liver. A brief description has been given of various fractionation procedures employed for obtaining isolated nuclei. It has been shown that free virus is not selectively adsorbed to isolated nuclei. Evidence has been presented to show that in the herpes-infected chick embryo liver, large proportions of the total virus can at times be found associated with the nuclear fraction. The percentage of the total virus in the nuclear fraction varies inversely with the titer of virus in the whole liver, and the number of hours after inoculation of the virus; only a negligible amount (as compared with that in the total) being associated with the nuclear fraction when a period of over 12 hours has elapsed after reappearance of virus. Furthermore, demonstration of virus in the isolated nuclei following extraction with hypertonic NaCl provides additional evidence that this virus is intimately associated with the nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1955

The cellular changes produced in tissue cultures by herpes B virus correlated with the concurrent multiplication of the virus.

A sequential study is reported of the morphological changes occurring after herpes B virus infection of cells as revealed in ultrathin sections under the electron microscope. Monolayer cultures of renal epithelial cells prepared from the natural host of the virus, the monkey, were infected, and the cellular alterations were correlated with the appearance of infective virus in the culture fluids. The morphological changes consisted in swelling of the cells and disappearance of the nucleolus, followed by margination and gradual decrease of the nuclear chromatin. The inclusion material corresponded to the clear central areas of the nucleus, where the chromatin had disappeared. In the late stages of infection this inclusion material filled the nucleus and formed a classical type A inclusion body. Characteristic particles appeared in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells a few hours after inoculation. They had a dense center surrounded by one or two membranes. Those with one membrane ranged in size from 60 to 100 mmicro and those with two from 120 to 180 mmicro. Particles showing the same wide variation in size and structure were seen both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. They were first visible on the external surface of the swollen but intact cells at about the same time new infective virus became detectable in the culture fluid. A small number of the extracellular, and cytoplasmic, virus particles appeared "binucleated," containing two central bodies, each having its own membrane, both being surrounded by a single external coat. About 180 mmicro in diameter, they were randomly distributed among the "mononucleated" particles.

Herpesviridae Infections↗
PubMed1958

Studies on persistent infections of tissue cultures. II. Nature of the resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.

Efforts were made to elucidate the nature of the resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) observed in MCN cultures persistently infected with Newcastle disease, mumps, or 6-6 viruses (MCN(NDV), MCN(Mps) and MCN(6-6), respectively). Cells derived from persistently infected cultures adsorbed VSV to the same extent as their uninfected counterparts. Only a fraction of the adsorbed virus could be recovered from the cells indicating that it enters into an eclipse in all of the cell types. While propagation of VSV in MCN cells is largely inhibited at low pH levels, the resistance of persistently infected cultures could not be ascribed to their increased lactic acid formation. Resistance was not absolute in that a few cells in persistently infected cultures apparently supported VSV reproduction. Furthermore resistance of the cultures was found to be transitory in that the VSV infection gradually gained the upper hand after 2 to 4 weeks of incubation. Addition of ultraviolet-inactivated NDV to MCN cultures induced resistance to VSV as long as the equivalent of at least one ID(50) (for chick embryos) of inactivated virus was provided per cell. Establishment of resistance required some time and its duration depended upon whether or not the free inactivated NDV was removed or neutralized after given adsorption periods. The transitory nature of resistance in persistently infected cultures, or in MCN cells following adsorption of inactivated NDV, is most likely explained by the fact that the cells continue to divide and that the daughter cells are, at least in part, susceptible to VSV. The results are compatible with the conclusion that the resistance observed represents another example of interference between 2 viruses.

Animals↗