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PubMed1976

Health services research and health policy.

Health services research (HSR) has the potential to influence the decision-making process in a health services system that is acutelearchers feel, with some truth, that their research has had only a limited effect on health policy. Some reasons for this are described, including the primacy of political, rather than technical, considerations in policy making, the lack of a comprehensive health policy, and the poor quality and irrelevance of much HSR. The role of funding for HSR by the Federal government is described; it is shown that the Federal effort is fragmented, despite the consolidation efforts made in 1968. Increased support for specific targeted, problem-solving health services research is proposed, and some possible methods to achieve this are described.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1990

[Health promotion development as the basis for an effective health policy].

Health promotion and development are an essential part of modern and effective health care. It is based on the awareness of social health priority, it tries to develop and apply adequate methods, it is the motive for the promotion of nation-wide activities which foster health. It promotes individual efforts to improve health and contributes to the concretization and implementation of a health policy, the aim of which is to resolve basic health problems of society as a whole.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Devolution: the effects on health policy.

Health policy modernisation and political devolution in the UK creates a challenge for all involved. This article examines this challenge from a nursing perspective.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1983

Health policy and health services research in The Netherlands.

This paper describes the development of health services research in The Netherlands in the last decade. For that purpose, an outline of the organisational structure of health research in general is presented first. It is shown that an increasing share of total resources for health research is allocated to health services research, now amounting to almost 10%. Emphasis is on the development of government health policy, which has given a strong stimulus to the volume of research projects in this area. Preparatory to the introduction of the new Health Care Services Act, which introduces the concept of planning of all health services at decentralised level, a large research program is being developed by the Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection. This program includes activities such as the development of regional health information systems, studies on the coherence of health care facilities, studies on efficient resource allocation and studies related to quality assessment and effectiveness of health care provision. Furthermore, a number of governmental policies to support the development of health services research are considered. Most important in this respect is the development of a Council for Health Research, which advises the government on all issues of research policy and which constitutes of scientists, government representatives and representatives of organisations using research work. Finally, an attempt is made to describe the Dutch situation within the international context.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1993

Public and private imperatives of Greek health policies.

Health care in Greece has historically developed into a multi-tier system, a mosaic of public and private providers of services covering the members of occupational social insurance organizations. In 1983 PASOK's socialist government established a unified National Health System. The aim was to arrest the growth of the private sector and promote the public sector to a dominant position. The socialist legislation has recently been reviewed by a conservative government that aims at a competitive mixed market of public and private providers. The growth of private health care, however, is not solely a matter of political support but also of new opportunities for profitable investments that arise from a shrinking public sector under economic and fiscal constraints.

Greece↗
PubMed1998

The impact of health economics on health policy in England, and the impact of health policy on health economics, 1972-1997.

This paper contains a review of the impact of health economics on health policy in England during the past 25 years. Some health economists have expressed disappointment with the scale of the impact that health economics has had on policy but the record set out below suggests that there is modest cause for celebration. That is not to say that there is cause for complacency. There is still a long way to go before all important health policies are based on sound economics reasoning and evidence. The paper begins with some definitions and background; it covers nine areas of health policy, and health policy making, where past impacts of health economics have been postulated; it covers briefly the reciprocal impact of health policy on health economics; and it concludes with a discussion about the findings.

Economics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Books on health policy and health reform: how is nursing represented?

The recent national debate on health care reform stimulated publication of a large number of books on the topic. A selected review of books published during the height of the health reform debate (1993 and 1994) is reported in this article. A total of 35 books written by authors from 13 different disciplinary perspectives were reviewed to determine how the nursing profession was represented in discussions of health system reform. The books were categorized according to title, author affiliation, purpose of the book, and the number and category of references to nursing. Seven categories of reference to nursing emerged from the analysis. Approximately on half of the books contained no references to nursing, 39 per cent had less than 10 references to nursing, and only four books had more than 10 references to nursing. The books with the greatest number of references were further analyzed and compared regarding thematic presentation of reform issues. A discussion of the importance of documentation of nursing in the health policy process, along with recommendations for improved dissemination of nursing perspectives for a redesigned health care system, is included.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed1976

Medical politics, health policy. Party health platforms, promise and performance.

Health policy in the United States is a product of medical politics. "Medical politics" includes not only traditional patterns of interest group pressures but traditional political party philosophies and patient expectations as well. Characteristic Republican politics reflects narrower governmental spending and greater emphasis on support of entrepreneurial effort. Desired effects will "trickle down" to the needy. Democratic politics tend to follow a more generous spending line, not neglecting the entrepreneurs, but spreading some of the funds around to the needy themselves. In addition, Republicans tend to distrust salaried officials, placing governmental power (through government funds) into the hands of private agencies or companies. Democrats hesitate less to build bureaucratic structures. On the record, both parties follow roughly similar lines in spite of these philosophic differences, which turn out to be differences in style. Both parties have practiced restraint in financing of medical services, only recently undertaking payment for these, and only recently undertaking to pay for medical education. Research has been a favored federal focus. Rapid and seemingly uncontrollable inflation has forced both parties to take a harder line. Political platforms are not necessarily clear signals of eventual party action. Nevertheless, they underline what the parties consider to be the problems as the voters see them and they express what the parties see as the appropriate response to these problems. This paper suggests what the party platforms will look like for the presidential election this year and also what the parties will probably do thereafter.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

How health policy and health services researchers are compensated: analysis of a nationwide salary survey.

The membership of Academy Health, a professional organization, was invited to complete an anonymous Web-based survey in 2002. Responses were received from 1,140 of 2,633 surveyed (43 percent). Fifty-six percent worked in academic institutions or teaching hospitals, 34 percent in the private sector or foundations, and 10 percent in government. Most (96 percent) had at least one advanced degree, and the diversity of educational backgrounds was pronounced. The median annual salary was $99,000. Salaries were highest in the private sector, followed by academic and government settings. There were large regional variations, with higher salaries in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions. Adjusted data suggested these higher regional salaries were inadequate to compensate for higher local cost of living. Among academic respondents, nonadjusted salaries increased with advancing faculty job titles, but this seniority effect was inconsistent across geographic regions. Junior faculty salaries, when adjusted for cost of living, were more similar across regions than salaries at the full professor level.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Meeting information needs in health policy and public health: priorities for the National Library of Medicine and The National Network of Libraries of Medicine.

Those seeking information in health policy and public health are not as well served as those seeking clinical information. Problems inhibiting access to health policy and public health information include the heterogeneity of professionals seeking the information, the distribution of relevant information across disciplines and information sources, scarcity of synthesized information useful to practitioners, lack of awareness of available services or training in their use, and lack of access to information technology or to knowledgeable librarians and information specialists. Since 1990, the National Library of Medicine and the National Network of Libraries of Medicine have been working to enhance information services in health policy and public health through expanding the coverage of the NLM collection, building new databases, and engaging in targeted outreach and training initiatives directed toward segments of the health policy and public health communities. Progress has been made, but more remains to be done. Recommendations arising from the meeting, Accessing Useful Information: Challenges in Health Policy and Public Health, will help NLM and the National Network of Libraries of Medicine to establish priorities and action plans for the next several years.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of the determinants of health, health policy, and health information systems in Canada.

The history of health determinants in Canada influenced both the direction of data gathering about population health and government policies designed to improve health. Two competing movements marked these changes. The idea of health promotion grew out of the 1974 Lalonde report, which recognized that determinants of health went beyond traditional public health and medical care, and argued for the importance of socioeconomic factors. Research on health inequalities was led by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research in the 1980s, which produced evidence of health inequalities along socioeconomic lines and argued for policy efforts in early child development. Both movements have shaped current information gathering and the policies that have come to be labeled "population health."

Canada↗