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PubMed1991

A descriptive study of early caries and oral health habits of Inuit pre-schoolers: preliminary results.

Despite reports describing the high incidence of baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) in North American native populations, very little is known about the factors influencing dental health at such an early age. Furthermore, true prevalence figures are usually difficult to obtain because few studies have attempted to survey the whole population. The purpose of this project is to determine the true prevalence of nursing caries in the Kativik region and describe oral health determinants in relation to the dental status of these children. At this time, 244 children aged two to five years have been surveyed. The results indicate that baby bottle tooth decay occur in 72.2% of this young population.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adolescence at risk: a health survey among pre-university students].

The present study investigates the level of health education in a representative sample of 804 pre-university Asturian students, randomly selected from the official list of the Ministry of Education and Science. We used a questionnaire (designed by us) in order to measure the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to some of the most important health determining factors. The survey was carried out by interviewing small groups of students in the classroom situation. Although it was found that the majority perceived themselves as healthy or very healthy, these young people are widely exposed to risk factors: 12% have suffered from more than 25 episodes of drunkenness during the previous year; 43.53% smoked to some extent and only 3.86% identified the days of maximum risk of pregnancy in a supposed menstrual cycle, although 31% maintained sexual relationships. Theoretically, 92% selected health as the most important factor among the three most fundamental values for life. They also think that illegal drugs are the most important health problem at present for young people. There is a contradiction between the high theoretical importance given to health, the good self-qualification of it, and the observed presence of important risk factors. A certain failure of the educational system with respect to primary prevention can be claimed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Comprehensive Prevention Knowledge and Applications Survey Instrument: its validity and reliability.

Because the instruments used to measure current practices among primary care physicians in a broad range of prevention activities are limited, we developed a study to test a tool that would evaluate current prevention knowledge and applications, including items regarding activities to prevent AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The Comprehensive Prevention Knowledge and Applications Survey Instrument measures knowledge, counseling capabilities, and use of recommended applications in preventive medicine. We designed and tested a 74-item instrument. Four recognized experts in preventive medicine and public health determined its content validity. We then proceeded with reliability testing with a random sample of 315 family physicians and replicated it with an additional 432 physicians for stability reliability. Internal consistency reliability and stability reliability have both been demonstrated for this instrument.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of fatty liver from serum triglyceride levels and body weight indexes.

Fatty liver is a common disease in Taiwan. In this study, we tried to evaluate the validity of predicting the presence of fatty liver from clinical data instead of liver biopsy or sonography. From a community survey in Putai, a total of 873 adults older than 30 years and quantified as to triglyceride level, body height, body weight, and the results of the oral glucose tolerance test and upper abdominal sonography were recruited for analysis. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the best 'cutoff values' for determination of fatty liver were predicted from body weight index and serum triglyceride level in 8 clusters grouped by sex, age and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. The best cutoff values of triglyceride in the 8 clusters varied from 100 to 170 mg/dl with worse validity. Most of the values were 130 and 140 mg/dl. The cutoff values of body weight index were constant in all clusters and showed greater validity than those for triglyceride. They were 115% or 120%. Their accuracy for the prediction of fatty liver was positively correlated with its prevalence. However, their accuracy was lower than 70% in non-diabetic females. We conclude that body weight index is a good parameter for prediction of fatty liver especially in the high risk groups and we recommend that health-determining cutoff values of serum triglyceride and body weight index should be set at 130 mg/dl and 115%, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Psychophysical status of high school graduates. Results of sociologic studies].

This article intends to describe the present state and development of the psychophysical state of health of GDR graduates. Special attention is given to various quantities influencing the state of health, above all job-related determinants. The empirical basis is an interval study, carried out by the Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung Leipzig; this study registered and attended hundred of people from the beginning of their studies in 1970 during the following 15 years in seven intervals. Preferably social factors and determinants were studied empirically and partly problematical interrelations between health and working conditions and contents as well as critical development trends of health were pointed out. In this way important starting points for taking measures to influence exogene health determinants were fixed: especially questions of working contents, of correct appointment of graduates corresponding to their profession and qualification, of a permanent training of psycho-physical capabilities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The state of the circulatory system in the elderly].

Fifty six persons (15 men and 41 women) aged between 90 and 99 years were examined to assess their health determining longevity. Circulatory system was evaluated with the aid of anamnesis, physical examination, chest X-ray and ECG. Clinical symptoms of the circulatory disease were diagnosed in 55.4% of tested persons, including: ischaemic heart disease in 42.9%, arterial hypertension in 35.7%, and circulatory failure in 23.2%. Normal ECG records were noted in 10.7% of the tested elderly persons. The most frequent electrographic abnormalities included: decrease in ST, LAH and atrio-ventricular block of the I degree. Incidence of ECG abnormalities did not depend upon the clinical state. An advanced age (over 90 years) is achieved also by the persons with marked circulatory disorders.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[The health of adolescents: what do parents think about it?].

Parental care of adolescent children was studied in 501 families who attended the Centre of Preventive Medicine of Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy. The health of their adolescent children was the parents' main concern and they considered morale, hygiene and alimentation as being the most important health determinants. Twenty-eight per cent of the parents indicated that they were anxious about their adolescent children. When they contacted the Centre of Preventive Medicine, parents were mostly seeking a regular check-up and information for their offspring. A correspondence analysis showed a breakdown of the parents into several groups, according to their responses and degree of concern for the health of their adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Periodontal status in a group of Swiss soldiers age 28-32 years].

139 soldiers aged 28-32 years of a medical corps unit of the Swiss army were examined for their periodontal conditions. On 3 surfaces of all teeth, plaque deposits were assessed according to the Plaque Index System (Silness and Löe, 1964) and gingival health determined according to the Gingival Index System (Löe and Silness, 1963). Calculus deposits were evaluated on the 6 representative teeth of Ramfjord (1959). On 4 surfaces of the same teeth, pocket depths and loss of attachment were measured. The mean P1I was 1.38, the mean GI 1.11. The mean pocket depth was 2.52, and the mean loss of attachment was 1.38. The results of this study were compared with those of a previous study by Curilović et al. (1972). It was concluded that periodontal disease progressed in the Swiss male population between 20 and 30 years at an annual rate of 0.18 mm loss of attachment despite all the efforts in preventive dentistry.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sample design of the national population health survey.

In 1994, Statistics Canada began data collection for the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), a household survey designed to measure the health status of Canadians and to expand knowledge of health determinants. The survey is longitudinal, with data being collected on selected panel members every second year. This article focuses on the NPHS sample design and its rationale. Topics include sample allocation, representativeness, and selection; modifications in Quebec and the territories; and integration of the NPHS with the National Longitudinal Survey of Children. The final section considers some methodological issues to be addressed in future waves of the survey.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The population survey as a tool for assessing family health in the Keewatin region, NWT, Canada.

The population survey is an important tool in community health assessment, including the physical and psychological aspects of family health. It provides data on health status and health determinants not available from vital statistics and health service utilization. The Keewatin Health Assessment Study (KHAS), which was designed in collaboration with the Keewatin Regional Health Board (KRHB), surveyed a representative sample of the predominantly Inuit population in 8 communities in the central Canadian Arctic. The entire survey included 874 individuals in all age groups, of whom 440 were children and adolescents under 18 years of age, and consisted of questionnaires, clinical examination and laboratory tests. Of the large number of variables on which data were collected, some were of particular relevance to the health of children and the well-being of the family, including: (1) Child growth and development; (2) Nutrition and diet; (3) Social pathologies: suicide attempts and sexual abuse; (4) Oral health; and (5) Audiologic health. In addition to providing cross-sectional data, survey participants constitute a cohort which, if followed up longitudinally, can be used to determine the incidence of specific conditions and identify risk factors which promote or prevent their occurrence. An example of such a cohort study is one on acute respiratory infection. Surveys serve many functions--providing data for planning and evaluation, promoting community awareness of health issues, and addressing basic research questions. The KHAS is one of several surveys launched over the past several years which jointly will begin to provide a circumpolar perspective on the health of Inuit people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A method for studying the effect of social hygiene factors on the health of workers in industrial enterprises].

The method suggested allows to study complex and separate influence of different socio-hygienic factors on workers' health. Determining the most essential factors and creating estimate prognostic tables on their basis make it possible to form risk groups and elaborate preventive programs. The method may be used in analogous studies of different groups of population.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1993

HEALTH WATCH: health promotion and disease prevention in primary care.

HEALTH WATCH, a longitudinal prospective study of healthy aging, was designed to characterize a healthy population of 2,200 men and women, ages 20-80 years in 1970. Biochemical, hematological, and physiological tests are performed annually over three weekly visits, combined with a self-administered HEALTH WATCH questionnaire to measure health status and behaviors in seven areas (with over 1,330 variables). In 1988, the HEALTH WATCH study was modified to assess characteristics of an oldest old "productive aging" cohort in Kauai, Hawaii. Nutrition, physical activity, extended family, and spirituality were found to be major health determinants. During 1989 to 1991 a controlled intervention study (ten local primary care physicians and their patients, aged 65-89 years) was completed in the Sun Cities, Arizona. These studies provide evidence that primary care physicians can promote positive health outcomes in patients of any chronological age and baseline health status through active healthy aging interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Participatory action-research for health.

Participatory action-research, developed primarily by peoples of the Third World, combines adult education with investigation and sociopolitical action. With the goal of personal and social transformation it builds on the capacity of people to think and work together for a better life and the equitable sharing of knowledge, skills and resources so as to support fair social structures, which, ultimately, are health determinants.

Community Participation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fertility and health in Mexico].

Fertility, health, and family planning are not independent factors, but rather involve a series of biological and social mechanisms in close interaction with one another. The impact that a high fertility rate has on health is reflected mainly in a rise in the rates of maternal and child mortality. Similarly, fertility has a greater negative effect upon the health of groups characterized by high reproductive risk, high parity, short intergenesic intervals, and unwanted pregnancies. On the other hand, family planning -and specifically the use of contraceptive methods-helps to achieve a lowering of the fertility rate and also has a positive effect on maternal-child health. This situation can be observed in the case of Mexico, where fertility rates and tendencies, as well as maternal and child mortality, have been reduced during the past decade.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1991

Pregnancy outcome in Norway after Chernobyl.

Pregnancy outcome has been studied in terms of legal abortions, early spontaneous abortions and total number of pregnancies (in an ad hoc study covering 6 counties) as well as various perinatal health problems (on the basis of routinely recorded data for epidemiological surveillance from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway). Apparently, no effects were observed in terms of an increased occurrence of legal abortions, while spontaneous abortions increased from 7.2% of all pregnancies during the last 12 months before the accident to 8.3% after the accident [corrected]. At the same time, the total number of pregnancies somewhat decreased. Based on monthly measurements in each municipality of external and internal (food-based) doses, dose-response associations were assessed for a number of perinatal health problems. No associations were observed.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1991

Incidence of legal abortions and congenital abnormalities in Hungary.

The annual and monthly distributions of congenital abnormalities and pregnancy outcomes as confounding factors were evaluated in Hungary in reflection of the accident at the Chernobyl reactor. The different congenital abnormality entities and the components of fetal radiation syndrome did not show a higher rate after the Chernobyl accident in the data-set of the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry. Among confounding factors, the rate of induced abortions did not increase after the Chernobyl accident in Hungary. In the 9th month after the peak of public concern (May and June, 1986) the rate of livebirths decreased. Three indicator conditions: 15 sentinel anomalies as indicators of germinal dominant gene mutations, Down syndrome as an indicator of germinal numerical and structural chromosomal mutations, and unidentified multiple congenital abnormalities as indicators of germinal dominant gene and chromosomal mutations were selected from the material of the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry. Diagnoses were checked, familial and sporadic cases were separated and only the sporadic cases were evaluated. The analysis of indicator conditions did not reveal any measurable germinal mutagenic effect of the Chernobyl accident in Hungary.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors that influence women's health in Tanzania.

A descriptive account of factors that influence women's health in Tanzania is given. The social and cultural processes that enhance or undermine women's health are emphasized. Recommendations for changes to improve women's health are made.

Cultural Characteristics↗