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Body-image testing of 10 male alcoholics with and 7 without anxiety disorders showed those with panic disorder had low barrier scores. Those with phobias emphasized their hearts and those with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder emphasized their backs. The barrier score correlated positively with both intensity of physical symptoms and with sense of blocked body openings.
Freud developed the controversial idea that pregnancy has phallic significance for women. He theorized that one aspect of the natural development of femininity involves the substitution of the wish for a baby in place of a desire for a penis. Two exploratory studies are described testing whether there is a link between pregnancy and phallic imagery as Freud's theory indicates. Study I supported such a link by showing that a group of women produced significantly more phallic imagery, on an inkblot measure, during pregnancy than they produced in the non-pregnant state. The pregnant women also produced significantly more phallic imagery than did a control group of non-pregnant women. Study II supported a 'penis-baby' link by showing that a group of women increased significantly in their phallic imagery under the impact of a subliminal pregnancy message while no increase occurred in a group of women receiving a subliminal message dealing with being penetrated. Alternative explanations for the findings are explored and issues are discussed in terms of other empirical findings related to Freud's ideas. The results suggest that Freud's speculations concerning pregnancy deserve further attention.
Two experiments were conducted to assess the degree to which violent media stimulate violent fantasy as depicted on inkblot responses. In Experiment I, 41 gifted high school students were exposed to a bucolic or violent film clip and then were asked to produce inkblot responses. In Experiment II, a second sample of 43 additional students were exposed to a verbal description of the bucolic or violent scene to assess whether the "hot" or "cooler" media (McLuhan, 1964) had different effects on the inkblot responses. In both experiments, the media exposure led to increased levels of violent responses, and in both cases males produced more violent responses. There was no sex by media interaction effect. Implications for clinical and forensic assessments are presented.
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HIT performance of Barnes and Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged and control samples was contrasted. The results indicated good discrimination between Barnes' controls and both brain-damaged samples, but a poorer discrimination between Velez-Diaz' controls and the brain-damaged samples. This latter finding was attributed to the small N in Velez-Diaz' controls. Velez-Diaz' brain-damaged Ss showed the greatest degree of impairment of all samples, but Velez-Diaz' aged controls showed a poorer level of performance than did Barnes' brain-damaged patients.
The HIT standard scoring variables failed to differentiate between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic Ss, as perhaps would be expected from past studies of the Rorschach on the subject. This failure to discriminate may reflect the behavioral similarities encountered in these two complex syndromes, and it should be borne in mind that both groups consisted of chronic individuals with lowered productivity levels. As neither schizophrenia nor organicity are unitary syndromes, it is possible that future studies that compare the inkblot performance of different types of brain-damaged vs. schizophrenic Ss may be more productive in obtaining differences between the syndromes.
The hypothesis that the behavior of schizophrenic patients is determined in part by role expectation was investigated. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique and a word association task were administered to the same patients under two conditions: (1) Ss were led to believe that the interviewer was unaware of their patient status and expected them to behave in a normal manner; and (2) Ss were informed that the interviewer was interested in their behavior as mental patients. The results indicated that there was less evidence of pathology on the Holtzman when Ss were told that the interviewer expected them to behave in a normal manner. More specifically, there was less Pathognomonic Verbalization and more Form Appropriateness in the normal expectation condition. The findings are consistent with current views as to the pathogenic effects of labeling and institutionalization.
Four Ht content scales were related to a projective and a live measure of interpersonal distance. Based on previour research, negative correlations between human and barrier content and interpersonal distance were predicted, with positive correlations predicted between anxiety and hostility content and distance behavior. All four content scales were found to relate significantly to projective distance, but only anxiety and hostility correlated significantly with distance behavior. The content scales also were combined in regression equations to predict interpersonal distance. The projective measure of interpersonal distance correlated signifiantly with the live measure of distance. The results were interpreted as support for the construct validity of the inkblot scales.
In the present study disorders of thinking were studied in normals, patients with neurotic disorders, borderline patients and both acute and chronic schizophrenics. Disorders of thinking were assessed by the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. By a factor analysis, different dimensions of disordered thinking characteristic of the different diagnostic groups could be identified. Among others two dimensions of schizophrenic thought disorder and one of borderline thought disorder could be identified. This latter dimension showed high correlations with anxiety and hostility. This was true for a dimension of productive schizophrenics thought disorders, but not for a dimension of negative schizophrenics thought disorders.
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Two videotapes designed to present varying levels of interpersonal confrontation potential were viewed by 48 student volunteer subjects. Verbal responses to the tapes were recorded, and state anxiety in response to each tape was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Subjects' experience balances were computed based on the ratio of human movement responses to color responses on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. It was found that introversive individuals showed increased response latency and state anxiety in response to the increase in interpersonal confrontation, whereas extratensive and ambiequal individuals showed only increased response latency or state anxiety, respectively. Implications are discussed in terms of interpretation of the experience balance itself and more generally in terms of personality-situation interactions and personality assessment research strategies.
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