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PubMed2000

Object identification as a function of discriminability and learning presentations: the effect of stimulus similarity and canonical frame alignment on aircraft identification.

Aircraft that were relatively similar (homogeneous) and relatively dissimilar (heterogeneous) in appearance were studied at orientations either consistent (canonical) or inconsistent (noncanonical) with the environmental frame of reference. At test, participants' identification performance was measured with stimuli rotated to novel orientations within the picture plane. During learning and testing, identification of heterogeneous aircraft was better than that of homogeneous aircraft. At test, only identification of homogeneous aircraft revealed a strong linear degradation of performance as angular disparity between the novel test orientations and the original learning orientations increased. During learning and testing, identification was better for aircraft studied at canonical orientations than for those studied at noncanonical orientations. The results are discussed in terms of object identification, aircraft recognition training, categorization, mental representations, and visual mental rotation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica in minced meat: a comparative analysis of API 20E, Yersinia identification kit and a 16S rRNA-based PCR method.

The isolation and identification of Yersinia enterocolitica from minced meat on CIN agar medium is still one of the major problems in food microbiology because of the low selectivity of cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar. A total of 198 minced meat samples were collected from commercial establishments (butcher shops and supermarkets) in seven German cities in order to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of three identification techniques suitable for the differentiation of Y. enterocolitica within the rich background flora on CIN agar plates. As expected isolation of Y. enterocolitica from minced meat on CIN agar medium after 72 h enrichment in peptone, sorbitol and bile salts (PSB) broth was difficult because all plates were abundantly covered with numerous 'typical'Yersinia-like colonies of bull's eye appearance as well as with atypical colonies. Based on the phenotype of the colonies it was possible to detect colonies showing Yersinia-like growth on CIN agar in 52 samples (26%). For identification of Y. enterocolitica the API 20E system (bioMerieux, Nürtingen, Germany), the Yersinia identification kit (Merlin, Bornheim-Hersel, Germany) and a 16S rRNA based PCR assay were compared. Only in one sample (0.5%) a Y. enterocolitica strain was detected by all methods. Of the three identification systems tested for routine laboratory diagnostics the API 20E system was found to be the most suitable tool to identify Y. enterocolitica colonies within the rich background flora from minced meat samples on CIN agar plates.

Agar↗

PubMed2005

Odor naming methodology: correct identification with multiple-choice versus repeatable identification in a free task.

Since there is rarely a social labeling consensus in the identification of odors, it would be better to assess whether participants identify an odor by the same name upon repeated presentation rather than by the name designated as 'correct' by the experimenter (veridical label) in identification tasks. To examine the relevance of this proposition, participants were asked to identify familiar odors both in a free and a multiple-choice task. The free task was replicated in order to determine the percentage of repeatable identification. Results showed that the difference between the percentage of correct identification in the multiple-choice task and the percentage of repeatable identification in the free task was small, and that participants often used a repeatable name which differed from the veridical label. Thus, it was suggested that allowing participants to give their own name to an odor when it is not present on a pre-developed list, and measuring whether participants repeat the same name in independent measurements, might improve the relevance of multiple-choice tasks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Identification of veterinary pathogens by use of commercial identification systems and new trends in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens.

Veterinary diagnostic microbiology is a unique specialty within microbiology. Although isolation and identification techniques are similar to those used for human pathogens, many veterinary pathogens require unique cultivation or identification procedures. Commercial identification systems provide rapid, accurate identification of human pathogens. However, the accuracy of these systems with veterinary pathogens varies widely depending on the bacterial species and the host animal from which it was isolated. Increased numbers of veterinary strains or species in the data bases of the various systems would improve their accuracy. Current procedures and interpretive criteria used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens are based on guidelines used for human pathogens. The validity of these guidelines for use with veterinary pathogens has not been established. As with fastidious human pathogens, standardized methodologies and quality control isolates are needed for tests of organisms such as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus somnus. Furthermore, interpretive criteria for veterinary antimicrobial agents based on the MIC for veterinary pathogens, the pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial agent in the host animal, and in vivo efficacy of the antimicrobial agent are needed. This article reviews both the commercial identification systems evaluated with veterinary pathogens and current methods for performing and interpreting antimicrobial susceptibility tests with veterinary pathogens. Recommendations for future improvements in both areas are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Rapid identification of ascomycetous yeasts from clinical specimens by a molecular method based on flow cytometry and comparison with identifications from phenotypic assays.

This study was designed to compare the identification of ascomycetous yeasts recovered from clinical specimens by using phenotypic assays (PA) and a molecular flow cytometric (FC) method. Large-subunit rRNA domains 1 and 2 (D1/D2) gene sequence analysis was also performed and served as the reference for correct strain identification. A panel of 88 clinical isolates was tested that included representatives of nine commonly encountered species and six infrequently encountered species. The PA included germ tube production, fermentation of seven carbohydrates, morphology on corn meal agar, urease and phenoloxidase activities, and carbohydrate assimilation tests when needed. The FC method (Luminex) employed species-specific oligonucleotides attached to polystyrene beads, which were hybridized with D1/D2 amplicons from the unidentified isolates. The PA identified 81 of 88 strains correctly but misidentified 4 of Candida dubliniensis, 1 of C. bovina, 1 of C. palmioleophila, and 1 of C. bracarensis. The FC method correctly identified 79 of 88 strains and did not misidentify any isolate but did not identify nine isolates because oligonucleotide probes were not available in the current library. The FC assay takes approximately 5 h, whereas the PA takes from 2 h to 5 days for identification. In conclusion, PA did well with the commonly encountered species, was not accurate for uncommon species, and takes significantly longer than the FC method. These data strongly support the potential of FC technology for rapid and accurate identification of medically important yeasts. With the introduction of new antifungals, rapid, accurate identification of pathogenic yeasts is more important than ever for guiding antifungal chemotherapy.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1983

Evaluation of the automicrobic system gram-positive identification card for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

The AutoMicrobic system Gram-Positive Identification Card (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) was evaluated for identification of a group of 150 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Identifications obtained with the Gram-Positive Identification Card were compared with reference identifications derived from 15 conventional biochemical tests. The AutoMicrobic system correctly identified only 67.3% (101 of 150) of the test isolates. The greatest accuracy was achieved with Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates (95.7%), whereas Staphylococcus hominis isolates were least often correctly identified (26.7%).

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1986

Comparison of the Quantum II Bacterial Identification System and the AutoMicrobic System for the identification of gram-negative bacilli.

The Quantum II Bacterial Identification System (BID; Abbott Laboratories) is a microprocessor-based spectrophotometric system for identification within 4 to 5 h of both enteric and nonenteric gram-negative bacilli. We compared the BID with the AutoMicrobic System (AMS; Vitek Systems, Inc.), using the most recent gram-negative identification card and software (AMS-GNI), for the identification of 501 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli, including 382 belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and 119 nonenteric organisms. The API 20E (Analytab Products) was used as the reference system. The BID correctly identified 375 (98.2%) of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates and 111 (93.2%) of the nonenteric isolates; the AMS-GNI correctly identified 374 (97.9%) and 115 (96.6%) isolates, respectively. The BID identified all isolates within 5 h, whereas the AMS-GNI identified only 35% within this time period. The BID performed comparably to the AMS-GNI for the identification of most gram-negative bacilli. Simplicity, speed, and relatively low reagent cost make the BID a competitive system for many clinical laboratories.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1986

Critical evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system gram-negative identification card for identification of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods.

During a 6-month study we critically evaluated the accuracy of the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Negative Identification Card (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) in identifying glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli by testing 419 selected isolates in parallel with a conventional reference method. Of 356 isolates included in the AutoMicrobic system profile, a total of 307 (86.2%) were correctly identified, 36 (10.1%) were not identified, and 13 (3.7%) were misidentified. Fifty-eight of 63 (92%) isolates not included in the profile were correctly reported as "unidentified organisms." Overall, if the first-choice identification was always accepted, only 18 (4.3%) isolates would have been incorrectly reported. When first-choice identifications appended with the special message "questionable biopattern" were rejected, and organisms were screened for characteristic odor and antimicrobial susceptibility before final acceptance of the AutoMicrobic system report, the number of misidentifications was reduced to 5 (1.2%). The average time to identification with the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Negative Identification Card was 15 h. This compares favorably with the 65 h required by the reference method.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1998

Limitations of the current microbial identification system for identification of clinical yeast isolates.

The ability of the rapid, computerized Microbial Identification System (MIS; Microbial ID, Inc.) to identify a variety of clinical isolates of yeast species was compared to the abilities of a combination of tests including the Yeast Biochemical Card (bioMerieux Vitek), determination of microscopic morphology on cornmeal agar with Tween 80, and when necessary, conventional biochemical tests and/or the API 20C Aux system (bioMerieux Vitek) to identify the same yeast isolates. The MIS chromatographically analyzes cellular fatty acids and compares the results with the fatty acid profiles in its database. Yeast isolates were subcultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and were incubated at 28 degrees C for 24 h. The resulting colonies were saponified, methylated, extracted, and chromatographically analyzed (by version 3.8 of the MIS YSTCLN database) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Of 477 isolates of 23 species tested, 448 (94%) were given species names by the MIS and 29 (6%) were unidentified (specified as "no match" by the MIS). Of the 448 isolates given names by the MIS, only 335 (75%) of the identifications were correct to the species level. While the MIS correctly identified only 102 (82%) of 124 isolates of Candida glabrata, the predictive value of an MIS identification of unknown isolates as C. glabrata was 100% (102 of 102) because no isolates of other species were misidentified as C. glabrata. In contrast, while the MIS correctly identified 100% (15 of 15) of the isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the predictive value of an MIS identification of unknown isolates as S. cerevisiae was only 47% (15 of 32), because 17 isolates of C. glabrata were misidentified as S. cerevisiae. The low predictive values for accuracy associated with MIS identifications for most of the remaining yeast species indicate that the procedure and/or database for the system need to be improved.

Candida↗

PubMed2005

3. Positive identification of a decomposed body using a trilogy of identification criteria: a case report.

A case of roentgenographic identification of a decomposed, visually unidentifiable, edentulous deceased person is reported. Comparative evaluation of ante-mortem and post-mortem plain radiographs provided positive identification, confirming the presence of a transitional lumbar vertebra with concordance in dysmorphic features of a spinal dysraphism, and the configuration of sternotomy sutures used for surgical reconstruction of the sternum post-coronary artery bypass surgery. In addition, comparison of ante-mortem and post-mortem dental orthopantomograms confirmed the presence of iatrogenic dental evidence, in the form of amalgam tattooing. The use of amalgam tattooing in establishing identification has only been reported once previously in the literature (Slabbert et al., 1991). The stability in morphology and the location of the amalgam particle was sufficient to confirm the identification of the deceased as a single trait or as an adjunct to other identification criteria.

Autopsy↗

PubMed2006

Identification errors involving clinical laboratories: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of patient and specimen identification errors at 120 institutions.

CONTEXT: Misidentified laboratory specimens may cause patient injury, but their frequency in general laboratory practice is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the frequency of identification errors detected before and after result verification, (2) the frequency of adverse patient events due to specimen misidentification, and (3) factors associated with lower error rates and better detection of errors. DESIGN: One hundred twenty clinical laboratories provided information about identification errors during 5 weeks. RESULTS: In aggregate, 85% of errors were detected before results were released; one quarter of laboratories identified more than 95% of errors before result verification. The overall rate of patient identification errors involving released results was 55 errors per 1,000,000 billable tests. A total of 345 adverse events were reported. Most of the adverse events caused material inconvenience to the patients but did not result in any permanent harm. On average, adverse events resulted from 1 of every 18 identification errors. Extrapolating the adverse event rate observed in this study to all United States hospital-based laboratories suggests that more than 160,000 adverse events per year result from misidentification of patients' laboratory specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Identification errors are common in laboratory medicine, but most are detected before results are released, and only a fraction are associated with adverse patient events. Even when taking into consideration the design of this study, which used imperfect case finding, institutions that did a better job of detecting errors within the laboratory released a smaller proportion of results that involved specimen misidentification.

Diagnostic Errors↗

PubMed1999

[Evaluation of direct identification testing from positive blood culture bottles with MicroScan rapid identification panels].

We evaluated the direct identification method from growth-positive blood culture bottles using MicroScan Rapid ID panels (DADE BEHRING) for the purpose of rapid identification. The inoculum for Rapid ID panels were prepared using an isolation method from blood culture bottles by VACUTAINER (BD). McF 1.0 had a better result than McF 0.5 as the inoculum concentration for Rapid ID panels. Rapid ID panel identification results were effected by blood contamination for > or =0.3% of S. aureus and 0.9% of a strain of E. coli. Blood contamination from the bottle may cause an issue to the identification results. The accuracy of this direct identification testing was 72.0% (36 out of 50) for gram positives organisms and 88. 9% (80 out of 90) for gram negatives organisms. Although some strains including S. pyogenes, coagulase-negative staphylococci and non-Fermentative Gram Negative Rods had not identified correctly, this method provides a preliminary result within 3 hours and provides a fast turn around time. In conclusion, this method was considered as an effective method for routine testing.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1983

Criminal identification comparison: aural versus visual identifications resulting from a simulated crime.

This research was undertaken to investigate and contrast visual and aural/perceptual identifications of a previously unknown individual from a set of photographic and tape-recorded exemplars following a simulated crime. All participants were volunteers for the "criminal," the victim of an "assault," and all suspects drawn from a Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) class; the "witnesses" were 61 students in a law class. The student/witnesses were divided into four groups. Group A made three identifications (serially) one day, one week, and two weeks after the crime took place. Group B saw the photographs and heard the tapes only once a week after the incident, and Group C only after two weeks had elapsed. Witnesses in a fourth group (D) followed the same schedule as did Group A; however, they were presented with foils similar in appearance and speech to the criminal. Group D was presented both the foil and criminal in the photographic lineup at the final judging session. The results demonstrated that visual identification can be quite accurate although not consistently or predictably so. By contrast, aural/perceptual identifications were relatively poor. No strong trends for latencies were observed, either for repeated trials or for procedures involving different initiation latencies; nor did confidence levels appear to be related to accuracy of judgment. Finally, when a similar looking foil was included in the identification task, there was a weak trend for the foil to be chosen more often in subsequent trials. These results support the position that eyewitness--and especially earwitness--testimony should be viewed by judges and juries with greater caution than has been the case in the past; by appropriate instructions, juries should be given assistance in interpreting and in assigning appropriate weight to this kind of testimony.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of microsystems for the identification of Enterbacteria in the microbiological laboratory: comments on technics and identification procedures].

The Authors have pointed out the characteristics of 3 miniaturized systems for the enterobacteria identification: Enterotube, API 20 E, Minitek. They particularly described the accuracy in biochemical reactions and the agreement between the mini-systems identifications and conventional (routine media) identifications (and reactions); all the identification errors made with micro-systems are reported and explaned. Nine atypical strains, which give some identification problems, are reported with all the biochemical profils. The more typical characteristics of the 3 miniaturized systems are summarized in a table.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the VITEK Gram-Negative Identification Card and an enhanced version for identification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae: method modification.

The VITEK Gram-Negative Identification Card (GNI) was compared to an enhanced version of the test kit, the GNI + Card. The GNI Card is an official AOAC method (991.13) for identification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae in foods. In this comparison 5 replicates of 124 gram-negative stock culture strains were evaluated to determine equivalency. Isolates were obtained primarily from food sources, with 108 of the isolates representing 15 genera within the family Enterobacteriaceae. Overall agreement between the GNI Card and the GNI + Card was 98.2%. Of the 23 strains of Salmonella tested, the longest identification time for the GNI Card was 10 h, with 43.5% of the strains identifying in 4 h or less. The longest identification time of the same Salmonella strains tested with the GNI + Card was 8 h, with 95.7% of the strains identifying within 4 h. The GNI + Card provided increased speed of identification while retaining the accuracy of the GNI Card. The GNI method for identifying Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae was approved as a method modification by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Does social identification harm or serve as a buffer? The impact of social identification on anger after experiencing social discrimination.

Research on targets' affective reactions to social discrimination has not yet addressed self- and other-directed anger at the same time. Four studies tested the hypothesis that the perceived cause of negative feedback moderates the impact of social identification on self-directed anger. In Studies 1 and 2, high levels of social identification led to less self-directed anger when negative feedback was attributed to social discrimination but not when it was attributed either to other external causes or internally. In Study 3, a cross-lagged design showed that higher identification led to less self-directed anger when negative feedback was attributed to social discrimination but not the other way around. This effect was found using scenarios (Studies 1-3) and also when using the recollection of personal experiences to manipulate attribution (Study 4). These results indicate that following social discrimination, social identification protects the self and does not increase individual vulnerability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1986

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in adolescence: object loss and identification.

This paper presents clinical material from the analysis of a late adolescent whose father died when he was just 9 years old. It emphasizes the impact of his father's death upon subsequent identifications. It was through a reactivation of certain critical issues in the transference that the patient was enabled to mourn the loss of his father and to achieve a wider and more mature range of selective identifications. Relevant information is presented to demonstrate how his primordial development influenced his reaction to his father's death. His later identifications were affected by his mother, brother and especially his stepfather. The influence of the death upon the analysis and his selective identifications with the analyst are explored. A brief review of the relevant literature confirms Blum's observation that the splitting of the ego owing to the simultaneous denial and acceptance of the reality of parental loss may be accompanied by a splitting of both parent and self-representations into idealized and denigrated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Narcissistic organization, projective identification, and the formation of the identificate.

Clinical examples are given, varying from what would appear to be self-sufficient normal people, to overtly psychotic cases, in order to illustrate the development of a narcissistic organization of varying intensity and permanence. That is to say, an identification via projective identification has taken place, which heightens intrinsic omnipotence, to allow what has been termed the identificate to believe that it has become the desired object--and thereby that within this spuriously organized ego-structure exist the characteristics and functions of the object or part object that has been taken over. Varying forms of such identificatory process are illustrated. The functions of these 'successful defence' manoeuvres are to obviate any feelings of an awareness of envy, although they may be overtly envious attacks within themselves, secondly they nullify any awareness of dependence, and also nullify awareness of need and illness, and thirdly they maintain the narcissistic organization by producing a successful identificate.

Adult↗