Infectious disease emergencies: the clostridial syndromes. Skin and soft tissue infections.
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Clostridium Infections↗
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Incorporating Epidemiological Data into the Genomic Analysis of Partially Sampled Infectious Disease Outbreaks.
Pathogen genomic data are increasingly being used to investigate transmission dynamics in infectious disease outbreaks. Combining genomic data with epidemiological data should substantially increase our understanding of outbreaks, but this is highly challenging when the outbreak under study is only partially sampled, so that both genomic and epidemiological data are missing for intermediate links in the transmission chains. Here, we present a new dynamic programming algorithm to perform this task efficiently. We implement this methodology into the well-established TransPhylo framework to reconstruct partially sampled outbreaks using a combination of genomic and epidemiological data. We use simulated datasets to show that including epidemiological data can improve the accuracy of the inferred transmission links compared with inference based on genomic data only. This also allows us to estimate parameters specific to the epidemiological data (such as transmission rates between particular groups), which would otherwise not be possible. We then apply these methods to two real-world examples. First, we use genomic data from an outbreak of tuberculosis in Argentina, for which data was also available on the HIV status of sampled individuals, in order to investigate the role of HIV coinfection in the spread of this tuberculosis outbreak. Second, we use genomic and geographical data from the 2003 epidemic of avian influenza H7N7 in the Netherlands to reconstruct its spatial epidemiology. In both cases, we show that incorporating epidemiological data into the genomic analysis allows us to investigate the role of epidemiological properties in the spread of infectious diseases.
Humans↗
Function of fever in infectious disease.
The survival of fever in infectious disease is a controversial subject. In favour of the hypothesis that the fever response is one of the defence mechanisms of the host aginst micro-organisms are several data ranging from determinations of optimal growth temperatures of micro-organisms in vitro to in vivo experiments on the course of infections in temperature-manipulated warm-blooded and poikilothermic animals. In spite of this, the beneficial effect of an elevated body temperature has only been documented in a few human infections, and antipyretic drugs are still used in enormous quantities in the fight against the symptom "fever", as if this were the enemy.
Animals↗
The City Hospital for Infectious Diseases--conception and first years.
Cape Town had no proper facilities for dealing with infectious disease when, in 1894, Dr Barney Fuller, city MOH, began a 6-year flight to establish the City Hospital for Infectious Diseases. The project was delayed, first by disputes between the city and the Colonial Government about paying for it, and then by the outbreak of the South African War. As a result, the hospital when built in 1900 was taken over by the military, and was only developed for its proper purpose by Dr Jasper Anderson in 1902.
Communicable Diseases↗
Challenges and future directions in AI-driven biomaterials for microbiome-associated oral infectious diseases: A systematic review.
Oral biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance is the core pathogenic mechanism of microbiome-associated oral infectious diseases (dental caries, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and endodontic infection). Traditional therapies and biomaterials are limited by poor biofilm penetration, drug resistance induction, single functionality, and inadequate adaptation to dynamic oral microenvironmental changes (e.g., pH fluctuations, salivary rinsing, masticatory stimulation). Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the field by integrating materials science, microbiology, and stomatology data. Via machine learning, deep learning, and multi-physics simulation, AI optimizes biomaterial physicochemical properties, decodes microenvironmental signals, constructs precise sensing-response loops, and supports the full chain of material design, performance prediction, and action simulation, advancing treatment from empirical intervention to precision regulation. This systematic review retrieved literature from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2016-January 2026) using keywords across three dimensions: AI, biomaterials, and oral microbiome. Following inclusion/exclusion criteria, 99 articles were included. It elaborates on five core mechanisms of AI-driven oral biomaterials (precise oral microbiome analysis, targeted material design/optimization, performance prediction/simulation, targeted delivery/intervention, effect evaluation/dynamic regulation), analyzes their applications in microbiome-targeted biomaterial research and development (R&D) and clinical practice for the four major oral infectious diseases, addresses technical bottlenecks (insufficient targeting specificity and precision of biomaterials, poor stability and durability in complex oral microenvironments, inadequate biofilm disruption capacity, and clinical translation obstacles), and proposes future directions (multimodal design to enhance targeting specificity, structural and component optimization to improve stability/durability, development of multi-mechanism synergistic biofilm disruption strategies, strengthening translational research for clinical application, and deep integration of AI in the full chain of biomaterial R&D). This work provides comprehensive theoretical and practical support for the R&D, optimization, and clinical translation of AI-driven microbiome-targeted oral biomaterials.
Humans↗
Infectious diseases in primitive societies.
Incidence of various infectious diseases in several Amazon Indian tribes has been determined serologically. Diseases that infect only man fall into two distinct categories. Those which can persist in an individual for a prolonged period are highly endemic, but those which are infectious only in the acute phase die out quickly after introduction. The suggestion is made that the latter diseases could not perpetuate themselves before the advent of advanced cultures and did not exert selective pressures on the human genetic constitution until relatively recently.
Adolescent↗
From spillover to systems: evidence gaps in One Health preparedness for emerging infectious diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Latin America and the Caribbean are a global hotspot for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, yet regional One Health preparedness remains uneven and incompletely operationalized. This narrative Mini Review synthesizes evidence published mainly between 2015 and 2026 on One Health preparedness for emerging infectious diseases in the region, emphasizing how environmental disruption and climate change shape zoonotic and vector-borne spillover risk. Available regional surveys suggest broad professional familiarity with the One Health concept but limited operational implementation, with environmental health frequently identified as the least-integrated domain. We argue that spillover risk-and the failure to detect and contain spillover once it occurs-should be understood as a system-level outcome shaped by ecological disruption, socioeconomic vulnerability, surveillance capacity, and governance, rather than as an isolated biological event: deforestation, agricultural and extractive expansion-including illegal mining and logging-unplanned urbanization, and climate variability generate new human-animal-vector interfaces, while fragmented governance, uneven and poorly decentralized laboratory capacity, and limited reservoir and environmental surveillance leave these interfaces unmonitored. Environmental and climatic drivers are robustly linked to spillover, although the pathways are disease-specific rather than universal, and socioeconomic vulnerability concentrates the resulting burden in Indigenous, rural, and marginalized populations. We identify priority gaps in integrated surveillance, decentralized diagnostics, genomic capacity, reservoir ecology, governance, financing, and equity, and propose an agenda for anticipatory, climate-informed, and context-sensitive preparedness.
Latin America↗
[The role of prevention of infectious diseases in health maintenance].
The prophylaxis of infectious diseases is one of the triumphs of medical science. In examining the role and the responsibility of the physician in this activity the author emphasizes the importance of fundamental research (in the laboratory and the clinic), the need to employ prophylactic measures which are known to be effective, and, finally, the obligation of individual physicians and organized medicine to assume responsibility for problems which extend beyond their national boundaries. The encouragement of preventive medicine depends, among other factors, upon the development of a strong personal relationship between patient and physician. The current system for the remuneration of physicians hinders this relationship instead of promoting it.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Catecholamine activity and infectious disease episodes.
The profile of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy mandelic acid (VMA) excretion was studied in relation to reported acute infectious disease episodes. Daily VMA excretion levels and symptom reports were analyzed for a group of 47 volunteers over a four-week period. Results showed a tendency for elevated VMA levels to occur with greater frequency within three days prior to the onset of symptoms. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that elevated levels of catecholamine activity may increase susceptibility to disease by interfering with the immune response, and in the presence of an agent lead to an infectious disease episode.
Adolescent↗
Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I.
If the host population is taken to be a dynamic variable (rather than constant, as conventionally assumed), a wider understanding of the population biology of infectious diseases emerges. In this first part of a two-part article, mathematical models are developed, shown to fit data from laboratory experiments, and used to explore the evolutionary relations among transmission parameters. In the second part of the article, to be published in next week's issue, the models are extended to include indirectly transmitted infections, and the general implications for infectious diseases are considered.
Animals↗
[Pathophysiology of infectious diseases in immunosuppressive therapy (author's transl)].
The frequency and the nature of infections due to immunosuppressive therapy is well established now, but the pathophysiology of these infections is not very well known. Immunosuppressive effect itself, other secondary effects, and frequently the preexisting disease, decrease host resistance to infection. With some examples, it is attempted to link the nature of infectious diseases observed in the immunosuppressive therapy, to the effect of these drugs on host resistance to infections. The decrease of antiinfectious cellular immunity is one of the more important factors which may explain the frequency and severity of infectious diseases in these conditions.
Animals↗
[Monomeric IgM in lymphoproliferative, autoimmune and infectious diseases in man (author's transl)].
7S-IgM is the first specific antibody during evolution of vertebrates. The detection of monomeric IgM in monoclonal grammopathies, autoimmune and infectious diseases is believed to be an atavistic primary IgM response in cases of elevated humoral immune reactions and disorders of lymphatic tissues.
Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
Disease: its cause and effect. 7: Infectious disease.
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Child, Preschool↗
Infectious diseases of the newborn.
Despite the advent of antibiotics, infectious diseases remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period. Infection is the third commonest cause of perinatal mortality after hypoxia and malformations. Neonatal mortality rates from infection are of the order of 1:1000 live births. Although infections are theoretically preventable, there has been no significant change in incidence over the last 30 years.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Certain results of infectious disease prevention in the German Democratic Republic].
The history of the formation of the sanitary and hygienic service in the GDR is outlined with special reference to the friendly assistance of the USSR. The data on the morbidity dynamics in the GDR for the most important infectious diseases are presented for the 30-year period of the existance of the GDR. The role played by the system of immunoprophylaxis developed in the GDR in controlling infectious diseases, is shown and the immediate tasks presented, at increasing the effectiveness of this system on the basis of close and extensive cooperation between the scientists and physicians of the USSR and the GDR.
Child↗
[Changes in the progress of infectious diseases caused by changes of natural resistance and of the steroid metabolism (author's transl)].
It is demonstrated that it is possible to change the stereotyped reaction of the steroid metabolism to infection by means of external influences. The progress of infectious diseases can be detoriated and the average duration of life can be shortened by rearing a special strain of test rabbits or by lack of protein in the diet, by blocking the RES, by cortisol, estradiol and thyroxin, by glucose and by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid. - The time of survival is prolonged by testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and cyproterone, also by cystein, aristolochia acid and treatment with pyrifer. - No effect whatever on the progress of an infectious disease is produced by the vitamines A, B1, B6, D, E and especially ascorbinic acid, also an extract of thymus gland, spleen, insulin, a preparation with STH, and Norgestrel, DMSO and treatment with B, bifidum and with omnadin.
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
New developments in antibiotics. Future clinical studies for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
The classes of anti-infective agents and the numbers in each class that are currently available and in use in the United States are listed, and current activity with respect to discovery and development of new drugs in the most widely used categories is briefly reviewed. Fifteen major areas for future research in the therapy and control of infectious diseases are recommended, and the relative roles for industry, academic and clinical investigators, and government (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) in these areas are discussed. There are many problems requiring extensive research and financial support.
Aminoglycosides↗
Anterior segment and external ocular manifestations of infectious diseases in children.
Anterior segment and external ocular manifestations of some infectious diseases which are particularly important to patients of the pediatric age group are discussed. A brief review of the various systemic diseases is given along with the ocular findings. Approaches to diagnosis, therapy, and management of both the systemic and ocular components of the illnesses are included.
Adenovirus Infections, Human↗