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PubMed1981

Teaching interpersonal skills: a model for facilitating optimal interpersonal relations.

This article draws upon the results of a series of studies involving observations of interviews involving psychiatric patients and their friends, and between psychiatric patients and nurses. A two-dimensional structure of interpersonal behavior is described. Three principles of effective interpersonal relations are detailed, including interpersonal complementarity, interpersonal versatility, and interpersonal influence. Research results that indicate how psychiatric patients have trouble exercising these principles are reported. A three-phased assessment, intervention, and reassessment approach to facilitating interpersonal skills in patients is detailed. A counselor-teacher approach to the treatment of psychiatric patients is recommended.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Interpersonal relations: a theoretical framework for application in nursing practice.

Peplau discusses major features of the theory of interpersonal relations. She describes her theory as among the most useful to apply during nursing practice in order to understand nurse-patient interactive phenomena. Peplau addresses how she derived constructs from clinical data and identified their congruence with nursing practice. She further addresses the specific concepts of her theory and their relations, and specific uses of the theory in practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

The structuring of interpersonal relations in schizophrenic adolescents: a decentering analysis of Thematic Apperception Test stories.

This study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics employ more developmentally immature levels of decentering in their structuring of interpersonal relations. A 9-point scale of interpersonal decentering, developed originally by Feffer, was applied to Thematic Appercetion Test stories produced by schizophrenic adolescents and a control group of psychiatrically disturbed patients equivalent in age and intellectual functioning. Results provided convincing support for the hypothesis tested and suggest the theoretical utility of viewing interpersonal deficit in schizophrenia from a cognitive-developmental perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Interpersonal relations and helping norms among university students of Japan, Taiwan, and Korea.

This study investigated the effects of interpersonal relations on some aspects of moral judgment among 68 Japanese, 70 Chinese, and 92 Korean university students. The subjects were asked to judge agents' acts in stories about varied helping situations which formed a factorial design: familiarity and kinship between subjects and the agent, those between the agent and the victim, and actions. Analysis showed that the two relationships between the agent and the victim significantly affected judgments in three cultures. The magnitudes of the effects of kinship between agent and victim varied across the cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effects of unit morale and interpersonal relations on conflict in the nursing unit.

BACKGROUND: Health care organizations face major changes, and these changes are likely to increase conflict in organizations. Although numerous studies have focused on conflict management, few have considered causes and effect of conflict in nursing units. METHODS: The investigation tested a structural equation that examined the relationships among individual and contextual variables and intragroup conflict, job satisfaction, team performance effectiveness, and anticipated turnover. The nonrandom sample consisted of 141 nurses employed on 13 inpatient units at a state-supported, 597-bed academic medical centre in a southeastern city. RESULTS: Intragroup conflict was higher on smaller units with a higher ratio of RNs to total staff. Intragroup conflict was not associated with satisfaction with pay or anticipated turnover. In the final model, the unit morale and interpersonal relations dimension of team performance effectiveness was negatively associated with intragroup conflict and anticipated turnover, and positively associated with satisfaction with pay. High perceptions of unit morale and interpersonal relations buffered the effect of unit size and skill mix on intragroup conflict. Goodness of fit statistics indicated a good fit of the model to data. CONCLUSION: The findings have implications for nursing educators and administrators, and provide direction for future research.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1985

[Interpersonal relations in groups of mentally ill and mentally healthy children].

Using the sociometric method supplemented by systematic observations, the authors studied the interpersonal relations in children's departments of mental and therapeutic hospitals. The subjective structures of choices were compared with the objectively forming interrelations. Mental patients showed a greater rigidity of these structures which remained unaltered even with the arrival of newcomers, which is explained by a relatively minor role played by such a factor as socialization. The nosological characteristics influenced the sociometric choices only indirectly, with the main structural factors being sex and age. The position of each patient in this structure was altered in parallel with the change in his or her mental status. Unlike the therapeutic department, characteristic of mentally ill patients was the limitation of choices by sex; they also differed by the fact that girls had two types of leaders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A contribution to the psychological study of interpersonal relations in twins.

A sample of 71 pairs (32 MZ, 39 DZ), of mean age 9.7 years, has been studied through various techniques in order to better understanding the interpersonal relation of twins, both within the pair and with repect to the members of the family group, and especially the mother. Zygosity, dominance, and birth order have been taken into account. The relation between MZ twins appears to be somehow less special than believed, whereas a special triadic relation appears to exist with the mother. A differentiated research of identity in MZs and autonomy in DZs is also noted (which contributes to a better understanding of problems of schizophrenia in twins). Finally, the relation between MZ cotwins shows mutual similarity and attachment to be lower than foreseen and, anyhow, of a far from mysterious nature.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1993

Australian school children's self appraisal of interpersonal relations: the bullying experience.

The extent and nature of bullying among South Australian primary school children and their self appraisals of peer relations were investigated in a survey of 412 primary school children between the ages of 7 to 13 years. It was found that 10% of boys and 6% of girls were subject to peer group bullying and for 8% of such children the bullying episodes lasted 6 months or more. Factor analysis of styles of interpersonal relating amongst children identified three independent factors including a tendency to bully, to be victimized and to act in a pro-social manner. The tendency to be victimized correlated negatively with self appraisals of the number of friends, popularity, happiness at school and feelings of safety at school. The findings are discussed in relation to research linking negative self appraisals of interpersonal competence with isolation and proneness to depression in later years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Interpersonal relations during simulated space missions.

The present article derives from two isolation studies performed for the European Space Agency (ESA) as simulations of space travels, lasting for 4 and 9 weeks. The aim was to study how interpersonal relations were affected by time, and how individual characteristics related to conflicts and tension among crewmembers. A broad battery of methods was used, including video-recording, peer-ratings and self-reports. In both studies, group-functioning declined in the middle of the isolation and towards the end of the stay. Dominance and task motivation seemed to be important characteristics for compatibility between crewmembers, and negative relations established early in the isolation remained stable over time. These findings have implications for composition, training, and support of crews for extended spaceflights.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Peplau in cyberspace: an analysis of Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory and computer-mediated communication.

This paper explores the applicability of Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory to the context of computer-mediated communication. Although Peplau never intended her theory be applied to this mode of communication, research from the fields of communication and social psychology suggest that such application may be possible. After Peplau's theory is briefly summarized, research and theory dealing with computer-mediated communication are explored, and questions for future research endeavors are offered.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

[Interpersonal relations in the consciousness of pupils and students].

The quality, satisfaction and being pleased of life depend on proper relations in the family, in the group of persons at the same age and at school or at the University. The aim of this study was the estimation of interpersonal relations in the chosen group of Cracovian secondary school pupils and medical students thanks the examinations conducted by auditory system with the use of an inquiry "Woman Self Image and Social Ideal". There were 713 persons belonging to 2 groups included in the examination: Group I: 313 pupils, including 128 boys and 185 girls attending to the second and third classes of two Cracovian secondary schools: Group II: 400 students of Medical Department and Health Protection Department of Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University in Cracow--106 male students and 294 female students. In the actual analysis the answers given to 64 questions of the "Interpersonal problems Inventory" questionnaire were estimated. Every question contained 5 possibilities: no, a little bit, more or less, much, very much. The hierarchy of these problems was estimated with the use of the method of step wise regression on the basis of the frequency of opposite answers to the particular questions. The most often the young persons stated (74%-63%) that it is never difficult for them to make a present to somebody else, to feel happy about one's happiness and to show positive emotions to others. About half of the examined persons (60%-47%) thought that they were never aggressive to others, that they never put their needs on the first position and they were not afraid of contacts with other people. In the questions connected with one's own personality determining the frequency of answers given to particular dystractors was not strongly marked e.g.: It is difficult for me to be alone: no (39%I/35%II), a little bit (18%I/16%II), moderately (13%I/11%II), much (13%I/18%II), very much (17%I/20%II); I am too credulous: no (46%I/37%II), a little bit (26%I/ 26%II), moderately (12%I/18%II), much (9%I, 12%II), very much (7%I, 7%II). The frequency of opposite answers with negative meaning as a rule did not exceed 5%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Interpersonal relations in a collective of mentally ill children].

By psychological and sociometrical methods the authors studied the selected objects for communication among the children of different diagnostic categories (schizophrenia, oligophrenia, epilepsy, organic brain lesions, etc.). The group under observation consisted of 218 children (boys aged 7-17 years). It has been demonstrated that interpersonal relations are mainly influenced by personal socio-psychological regularities, while the nozological entity of the patient influences these relations only indirectly, through the influence of such factors as age and level of the general development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Humanistic nursing, interpersonal relations theory, and the empathy-altruism hypothesis.

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the relevance and applicability of theory for nursing research and practice. Following a brief explanation of the four levels of theoretical abstraction recognized by nursing, Paterson and Zderad's humanistic nursing theory and Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations are described. In addition, one social psychology theory, the empathy-altruism hypothesis, is also explained. The value and implications of the three theories for nursing research and practice are discussed, and several research questions are proposed.

Altruism↗