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PubMed1979

The implementation of a large-scale self-instructional course in medical information resources.

The implementation of library orientation and bibliographic instruction in health sciences centers presents some interesting as well as perplexing problems. The Rowland Medical Library at The University of Mississippi Medical Center had to confront and reexamine these problems when faced with the requirement to teach 298 freshman and sophomore medical students in one ten-week quarter. This paper outlines the development and implementation of a large-scale self-instructional approach to library instruction. The package consisted of an audiotape, a videotape, a written program, self-teaching quizzes, a performance test, and a student evaluation. Performance test results and student evaluation data are presented which indicate that this format can successfully be employed to meet course objectives and to be accepted by students.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2026

Current knowledge in pharmacogenomics and precision medicine: perspectives of the PGRN global PGx committee on improving drug therapies in underrepresented ethnic populations.

A precision medicine strategy is likely to be more impactful, when pharmacogenomics (PGx) guided selection of drugs and dosage wherever applicable is implemented across the globe. In regions where resources are disproportionately distributed, PGx implementation in routine clinical care can play a critical role in ensuring the optimal use of limited healthcare infrastructure. At present, PGx data from the majority of the distinct ethnic populations across Asia, Africa, and South America is limited. While international consortia, working groups, and scientific bodies have made significant contributions toward evaluating the evidence for PGx implementation, the majority of existing guidelines and recommendations are derived primarily from studies conducted in a limited number of ethnic groups. Precision Medicine Initiatives in countries like Korea, Taiwan, and Malaysia and PGx organizations like the African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Consortium for Genomics & Therapeutics in Africa (CGTA), implementation of pharmacogenetic testing for the effective care and treatment in Africa, Greater Middle East (GME) whole exome sequencing program, Ibero-American Network of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (RIBEF), Latin American Society of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine (SOLFAGEM), Latin American Network for Validation and Implementation of Pharmacogenomic Clinical Guidelines (RELIVAF), IndiGen initiative, Southeast Asian Pharmacogenomics Research Network (SEAPharm), are working toward consolidating the PGx presence in these regions.

Precision Medicine↗
PubMed2026

PanForest: predicting genes in genomes using random forests.

MOTIVATION: The presence or absence of some genes in a genome can influence whether other genes are likely to be present or absent. Understanding these gene co-occurrence and avoidance patterns reveals fundamental principles of genome organization, with applications ranging from evolutionary reconstruction to rational design of synthetic genomes. RESULTS: PanForest, presented here, uses random forest classifiers to predict the presence and absence of genes in genomes from the set of other genes present. Performance statistics output by PanForest reveal how predictable each gene's presence or absence is, based on the presence or absence of other genes in the genome. Further, PanForest produces statistics indicating the importance of each gene in predicting the presence or absence of each other gene. The PanForest software can run serially or in parallel, thereby facilitating the analysis of pangenomes at Network of Life scale.A pangenome of 12 741 accessory genes in 1000 Escherichia coli genomes was analysed in around 5 h using eight processors. To demonstrate PanForest's utility, we present a case study and show that certain genes associated with resistance to antimicrobial drugs reliably predict the presence or absence of other genes associated with resistance to the same drug. Further, we highlight several associations between those genes and others not known to be associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), or associated with resistance to other drugs. We envisage PanForest's use in studies from multiple disciplines concerning the dynamics of gene distributions in pangenomes ranging from biomedical science and synthetic biology to molecular ecology. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The software if freely available with a full manual and can be found with at www.github.com/alanbeavan/PanForest DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17865482.

Software↗
PubMed1977

Undergraduate pharmacological training programs applicable to agricultural science majors.

Undergraduate training programs leading to degrees in pharmacology or toxicology do not exist on most university campuses. Agricultural science students who may ultimately use large quantities of herbicides, pesticides, and other agricultural products may obtain degrees without any exposure to the disciplines of pharmacology or toxicology; some reasons for this are discussed. The design and implementation of some courses suited to the qualifications of most undergraduate agricultural science majors are outlined. In general, a blend of lectures, discussions, and student presentations facilitates adequate presentation of the course material. Specific suggestions for student term projects are mentioned. Some of the available textbooks suitable for undergraduate courses of this type are very briefly discussed. It is suggested that in order to educate nonacademic users of agricultural chemicals, pharmacologists and toxicologists may have to work closely with both industry and those closer to the agricultural community such as county agricultural extension agents and farm youth organizations.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1976

A formative and summative evaluation model for special educational programs.

During the past two decades the problems of recruiting minority students into careers in the health fields have been addressed by many educators and various special study groups. Recent efforts by schools of medicine and allied health sciences to find viable solutions to the problem have facilitated implementation of career exploration and study-skills programs. Although the focus and sophistication of evaluation designs vary substantially among educational programs of this type, all share some common problems. The positions taken by the authors is that evaluation, both during and at the end of a program, is an essential aspect of the program and that the use of a systematic evaluation model is central to this effort. Data are presented which illustrate the utility of a systematic evaluation model when applied in a realistic test situation (an operational program for minority students). Several advantages of using this model are discussed.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1977

Subjects' rights, freedom of inquiry, and the future of research in the addictions.

Since the recent passage of regulations concerning subjects' rights and freedom on inquiry, opposition by the public and others to some areas of research in the addictions has prevented its implementation or continuation. Research investigators in the biomedical and behavioral sciences have been placed in the position of defending their work in an adversary climate. The author points out the importance of transmitting to the public, the scientific community, and legislators the investigators' concern that "subjects' rights" not be viewed only in a legalistic context, but also in the context of not harming the patient.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2026

Clinical applications of digital twin technology in In Vitro Fertilisation.

BACKGROUND: Digital twin technology, originating from aerospace and manufacturing industries, has emerged as a transformative tool in healthcare. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) faces persistent challenges including suboptimal embryo selection, unpredictable treatment outcomes, and limited personalisation of protocols. Despite advances in assisted reproductive technology, existing literature exhibits fragmentation: artificial intelligence applications in embryo selection, ovarian stimulation, and endometrial assessment have been developed independently without systematic integration into comprehensive treatment frameworks. Digital twin technology offers unprecedented opportunities to create virtual replicas of biological systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive modelling, and personalised treatment strategies. AIM: This narrative review aims to critically examine the current applications of digital twin technology in IVF, evaluate its potential benefits and limitations, synthesize existing evidence into an integrative conceptual model, and identify future directions for implementation in reproductive medicine. METHOD: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases. A narrative review approach was selected over systematic review to accommodate the heterogeneity of evidence types in this emerging field, including theoretical frameworks, simulation studies, and proof-of-concept implementations that would be excluded from systematic reviews. Search terms included "digital twin," "IVF," "in vitro fertilisation," "assisted reproductive technology," "embryo selection," and "predictive modelling." Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included, focusing on original research articles, systematic reviews, and proof-of-concept studies describing digital twin applications in reproductive medicine. RESULTS: Digital twin technology in IVF demonstrates significant potential across multiple domains including embryo development simulation, ovarian response prediction, endometrial receptivity modelling, and personalised stimulation protocols. Current applications integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, time-lapse imaging, and omics data to create comprehensive virtual models. Early evidence suggests improvements in embryo selection accuracy, ovarian response prediction, and treatment protocol optimization, though large-scale randomized controlled trials remain limited. Implementation challenges include data integration complexity, computational requirements, regulatory considerations, and validation requirements. CONCLUSION: Digital twin technology represents a paradigm shift in IVF practice, offering personalised, predictive, and precision medicine approaches. This review synthesizes existing evidence to propose an integrative conceptual model for digital twin implementation across the IVF treatment spectrum, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and establishes research priorities to advance clinical translation. Despite current limitations, continued advancement promises improved success rates and patient outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Systematic review of the mutations in the active antigenic site Ø of the prefusion F protein of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) following the implementation of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) nirsevimab, which targets the antigenic site &#xd8; of the prefusion F protein (pre-F) of RSV, was introduced for RSV prophylaxis in several countries. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted between January 1, 2022, and July 31, 2026 for studies analyzing substitutions within the epitope of pre-F RSV protein, which is the target of nirsevimab, after the implementation of the mAb. We searched across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrial.gov for studies involving children with confirmed RSV infection, that conducted genomic analysis. RESULTS: Seven studies (five observational and two randomized controlled trials) including 2156 RSV-positive samples (RSV-A: 1347, RSV-B: 809) were analyzed. RSV-A strains showed limited variability within antigenic site &#xd8;, with K65R being the most common substitution and K209E being the only intermediate-resistance RSV-A substitution. RSV-B strains demonstrated substantially higher substitution frequencies, particularly involving I206M, Q209R, and S211N. Most identified substitutions appeared to represent naturally occurring polymorphisms and retained susceptibility to nirsevimab, while multiple RSV-B substitutions and combinations involving residues 64-68 and 204-208 demonstrated reduced susceptibility or high-level resistance. Resistance-associated variants were detected in 28 of 2156 (1.3%) RSV-positive samples and exclusively among nirsevimab breakthrough infections. In a sub-analysis restricted to nirsevimab-treated individuals, resistance-associated variants were significantly more frequent among RSV-B than RSV-A (9.8% vs 0.5%; p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). CONCLUSION: Most substitutions that were detected within the nirsevimab antigenic site reflect ongoing natural RSV evolution and do not significantly affect nirsevimab susceptibility. However, detection of resistance-associated variants highlights the importance of continuous genomic and phenotypic surveillance.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

ConceptDrift: leveraging spatial, temporal and semantic evolution of biomedical concepts for hypothesis generation.

MOTIVATION: Hypothesis generation is a fundamental problem in biomedical text mining that aims to generate ideas that are new, interesting, and plausible by discovering unexplored links between biomedical concepts. Despite significant advances made by existing approaches, they do not fully leverage the evolutionary properties of biomedical concepts. This is limiting because scientific knowledge continually evolves over time, with new facts being added and old ones becoming obsolete. Thus, it is crucial to capture the evolutionary properties of biomedical concepts from multiple perspectives (e.g. spatial, temporal, and semantic) to generate hypotheses that reflect the up-to-date information landscape of the biomedical domain. RESULTS: We introduce a novel framework, ConceptDrift, that models the hypothesis generation task as a sequence of temporal graphlets and simultaneously encodes spatial, temporal, and semantic change. Unlike existing approaches that treat these dimensions independently, ConceptDrift is the first to provide a holistic understanding of concept evolution by integrating them into a unified framework. Grounded in the theories of the Distributional Hypothesis and Conceptual Change, our method adapts these principles to the unique challenges of large-scale biomedical literature. We conduct extensive experiments across multiple datasets and demonstrate that ConceptDrift consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in generating accurate and meaningful hypotheses. Our framework shows immediate practical benefits for web-based literature mining tools in life sciences and biomedicine, offering more robust and predictive feature representations. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: https://github.com/amir-hassan25/ConceptDrift (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29975476).

Semantics↗
PubMed1976

Social work training of new health professionals.

The Child Health Associate program provides a model for using social workers in the training of new health professionals. Administratively, social workers have contributed to curriculum development in the behavioral sciences. They have influenced decisions regarding student selection and have developed and implemented a faculty adviser program. Because of their practical experience as primary care practitioners, social workers have been able to define effectively the skills needed by the new professionals to meet the social and emotional needs of their patients. Social workers have made use of their contacts in hospitals and communities to design and implement courses and clinics that combine in a meaningful manner theoretical material and practical experiences in patient contact. Evaluative research in the area of interviewing skills and crisis management demonstrates that the teaching methods applied by the social work profession are effective in increasing the level of students' interviewing skills in clinical practice and help prepare them to recognize familiy crises.

Colorado↗
PubMed1976

Training the renaissance medical illustrator.

The professional training of the medical illustration student has been a subject of controvery for the last few years. Curricula of the schools accredited by the Association of Medical Illustrators have, to varying degrees, undergone change due to new demands on the practicing illustrator. The curriculum in Biomedical Illustration at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas attempts to balance time-proven courses with contemporary problem-solving approaches to the training of the medical illustrator. This paper reflects the history, philosophy and methods of implementation of the course of study leading to the M.A. degree in Biomedical Communication at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1976

An experiment in teaching MEDLINE.

The design and implementation of an experimental MEDLINE module at Case Western Reserve University School of Library Science is described. The module places MEDLINE within the context of multiple data bases and networking operations andis embedded in a course in health science communications. The module consists of eight weeks of lectures, demonstrations, videotapes, and exercises on terminals.

Bibliography of Medicine↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic profiling of bone for the estimation of post-mortem interval and post-mortem submersion interval: a systematic review.

Accurate estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) and Post-Mortem Submersion Interval (PMSI) remains a persistent challenge in forensic science, especially when traditional morphological and entomological methods fail due to advanced decomposition or in aquatic environments. Proteomic profiling of bone tissues has recently emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the predictable degradation patterns of bone proteins to estimate time since death more reliably. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, analyzed 24 peer-reviewed studies focusing on the application of proteomic techniques to bone tissue for PMI and PMSI estimation. The included studies were evaluated based on sample type, analytical techniques used, identified biomarkers, environmental conditions assessed, and the overall reliability and reproducibility of the findings. The review found that specific bone proteins, particularly collagen, osteocalcin, fetuin-A, etc. exhibited consistent degradation patterns that correlated strongly with elapsed post-mortem time. Cortical bone was identified as a more stable and informative matrix compared to trabecular bone. Mass spectrometry, especially LC-MS/MS, emerged as the predominant analytical technique due to its high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting low-abundance proteins over extended PMIs and PMSIs. However, protein degradation rates were significantly influenced by environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, and microbial activity. This review also emphasizes the transformative role of bone proteomics in advancing forensic science while identifying key gaps that must be addressed to achieve global standardization and practical implementation in diverse forensic contexts. The integration of proteomics with other emerging technologies, such as machine learning algorithms and computational modeling, may further enhance the precision of PMI and PMSI estimation in future applications.

Postmortem Changes↗
PubMed1978

Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research.

Major health care problems such as patient dissatisfaction, inequity of access to care, and spiraling costs no longer seem amenable to traditional biomedical solutions. Concepts derived from anthropologic and cross-cultural research may provide an alternative framework for identifying issues that require resolution. A limited set of such concepts is described as illustrated, including a fundamental distinction between disease and illness, and the notion of the cultural construction of clinical reality. These social science concepts can be developed into clinical strategies with direct application in practice and teaching. One such strategy is outlined as an example of a clinical social science capable of translating concepts from cultural anthropology into clinical language for practical application. The implementation of this approach in medical teaching and practice requires more support, both curricular and financial.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Internal review as a means of maintaining quality education in a medical school.

In order to focus attention on education, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston adopted a system of internal review. The process was initially conducted for courses in the basic sciences by an ad hoc dean's committee consisting of representatives from the teaching faculty, administration, and student body as well as experts in medical education. As a consequence of the experience with the review of the basic science courses, the internal review process was applied to the clinical science courses and the elective programs at UTMB. The activities of the internal review process have resulted in improvements in instructional procedures and structural changes in the medical school's approach to educational planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

Developing behavioral science for a family practice residency.

The development of behavioral science in a family practice residency has first to be structured around a statement of purpose and adequate goals. These goals can only be implemented when the purely custodial function of the medical profession is rejected and the ethical responsiblity of the physician to society is allowed to direct the role innovations that must be incorporated. It is the person of the physician as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool that must be cultivated. The curriculum presented has included behavioral science conferences, a one-month behavioral science rotation, a two-month orientation program, behavioral science clinical attendings, and a personal counseling program for each resident throughout the three years of training. To be complete, such a program requires the further refinement of behavioral objectives that allow reliable evaluation and redefinition by residents and faculty.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1978

Behavioral scientists as clinical educators of primary care practitioners.

Behavioral scientists on the faculty of the Johns Hopkins University Health Associate Program work in teams with medical preceptors in the clinical education and supervision of students during their first year of training. The rationale, objectives, and methods of implementation for this aspect of the program are discussed. This approach answers current concerns that relevant behavioral science content must be integrated into clinical training, and it appears to be useful at all levels of medical education.

Allied Health Personnel↗