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PubMed1976

Epidemiology of hyaline membrane disease in the United States: analysis of national mortality statistics.

National mortality statistics for hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were examined in this study for the years 1968 to 1973. Detailed data were obtained by computer analysis of magnetic tapes from the National Center for Health Statistics. During the six-year interval, HMD/RDS was determined to be the underlying cause of death in 54,064 infants or 9,010 +/- 560 (mean +/- SD) infants per year. Analysis of individual death certificates for 1968 revealed the disease to a major contributing factor in another 24%. Thus, it may be estimated that HMD was involved in the demise of nearly 12,000 neonates per year over this period. This amounts to approximately 20% of all neonatal deaths. On the basis of mortality rates, a trend toward an increased incidence of fatal HMD/RDS was established from 1968 to 1973. Deaths tend to cluster in the summer months and January-February represent the lowest months of recorded fatalities. Analysis of the age at death, reflecting time course of the disease, revealed idential patterns for 1968 to 1970. The number of deaths was found to decline exponentially between the first and fourth 24-hour periods so that 92% of all deaths occurred by 4 days of age. Boys contributed more prominently to the death totals than girls with ratios from 1.62 to 1.76. Examination of mortality rates by race suggested that black permatures have a lower incidence of fatal HMD/RDS. In addition to nationwide figures, those of individual states were compared for three years. Generally, HMD/RDS mortality rates correlated with overall neonatal mortality statistics. Exceptions were observed, however, such as Illinois where low rates for the former coexist with relatively high neonatal death rates. These data respresent the first national mortality statistics for HMD and may prove useful in planning and providing intensive neonatal care.

Black People↗
PubMed1979

Mortality and autopsy rate for gastrointestinal diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.

Gastrointestinal diseases accounted for about 10% of all natural deaths in Finland in 1955--1973. Total mortality for these diseases decreased slightly amongst young and middle-aged people in 1955--1973. This was mainly because mortality for ulcerative diseases of the stomach and the small intestine decreased continuously in practically all are groups, and also because the death rates of men and women from malignant neoplasms of the stomach decreased slightly but linearly at all ages. The autopsy rates increased highly significantly in all major categories of deaths between 1963 and 1973. In 1973 the autopsy rate for diseases of the digestive system (the ninth ICD main group) was 67%. This rate exceeded highly significantly the mean autopsy rate recorded for all (38%) and all natural deaths (33%). The autopsy rate for gastrointestinal malignancies was 26%, which in turn was highly significantly lower than the average rate for all and all natural deaths. The highest single autopsy rates in 1973 were recorded for ulcer of the duodenum (87%), diseases of the pancreas (78%), cholelithiasis (77%), and chronic enteritis and ulcerative colitis (76%). The present results suggest that the mortality statistics of Finland are obviously more reliable for the gastrointestinal diseases as a cause of death than in most other major categories of diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Incidence and presentation of myocardial infarction in Tyrol, Austria; (WHO ischaemic heart disease register Innsbruck 1971/72) (author's transl)].

In 1971 a population-based Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) Register was established in the Innsbruck area as part of the WHO international collaborative study. Demographic and geographic data covering the area, as well as the locally-applied methods are described. One hundred and seventy four cases (133 males and 41 females) of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were registered in the age group 20-64 years. This corresponds to an annual incidence rate of 1.9(0/00) in men and 0.6(0/00) in women. These results confirm indications from the national mortality statistics that Innsbruck belongs to the group of areas in Europe with a relatively low incidence of AMI. The epidemiology of AMI in Europe is discussed. The frequency distribution of AMI according to month of the year, day of the week and hour of the day is reported for this area.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

The quality of perinatal care in small rural hospitals.

Iowa birth and mortality statistics were reviewed to ascertain the outcome of perinatal care provided in hospitals with different-sized obstetric services. Although the data do not resolve the issue of the minimum number of deliveries necessary to ensure quality perinatal services, they do suggest that hospitals with small maternity services (fewer than 500 deliveries per year) can achieve acceptable perinatal outcomes when appropriate high-risk screening and prenatal referral occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Domestic accidents: their cause and prevention.

The study of domestic accidents, which includes accidents in and around the home and in institutions, is of increasing importance. The mortality statistics are shown in Table 1. In 1974, 18,335 people died from accidents in the UK (RoSPA, 1974) equivalent to the population of a reasonably sized town. Accidents form one of the four main causes of death in this country and have become relatively more common in recent years. Analysis of the causes of home accidents make it possible to plan ways of preventing them. General practitioners and their colleagues in the primary health care team have the principal responsibility.

Accident Proneness↗
PubMed1978

Occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in an Eskimo population hyperendemically infected with hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis type B is hyperendemic in Greenland with serologic evidence of infection in 54% of adults and a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate of 7--25%. The impact of this infection rate on the occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (PLC) was studied. Mortality rates for cirrhosis were obtained from official mortality statistics, 1951--1975. PLC was identified by a study of all biopsy and necropsy material taken in the study area during the same period. Neither cirrhosis nor PLC was found to be a more prevalent cause of death in this population than in Northern Europe where hepatitis B is at least 10-fold less prevalent. It is concluded that hepatitis B infection per se does not contribute significantly to the development of cirrhosis or to PLC, at least in the Eskimo population of Greenland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Incidence, mortality or prevalence as indicators of the cancer problem.

The magnitude of the cancer problem, as conveyed by the incidence, mortality and prevalence figures, was studied by analysis of the material of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953-1970. The prevalence was defined as the number of persons who had cancer, or had ever had cancer, and were living on December 31, 1970. The incidence and mortality of cancer in males exceeded those in respect of females, whereas the prevalence with females was clearly higher than that with males. According to all 3 indices, the commonest site of cancer was in the lungs in males. In females, cancer of the breast was the commonest malignant neoplasm measured by incidence and prevalence, where as in mortality statistics it was second to cancer of the stomach. Cancers with poor prognosis such as cancer of the lung, stomach, pancreas and esophagus, and leukemia, exhibited relatively low prevalence figures, whereas cancers with good prognosis, such as cancer of the breast, uterus, larynx and lip, showed relatively large numbers of prevalent cases. In females, cancer of the genitals, including the breasts, constituted nearly as may prevalent cases as did the total figure in males. As the 3 cancer indices measure different things, the nature of the index used should be taken into account in evaluation of the magnitude of the cancer problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Potential gains in life expectancies by partial elimination of leading causes of death in Texas.

Potential gains in life expectancies among Texas population by partial elimination of 3 major causes of death are examined on the basis of the available statistics from the population census and mortality statistics for 1970. Contrary to the popular anticipation of longer potential gains, the results are not particularly encouraging. The number of years of life that would be gained during the working ages by 50% elimination of major cardiovascular diseases is less than 1/2 of 1 year, about 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of malignant neoplasms, and less than 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of motor vehicle accidents. Even with a scientific breakthrough in combating those causes of death it appears that future gains in life expectancies for working ages will not be spectacular. The implications of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health policy are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1977

Trends in hospital necropsy rates: Scotland 1961-74.

Examination of mortality statistic for Scottish hospitals showed that from 1961 to 1974 necropsy rates fell by almost 0-6% a year; by 1974, the rate over the whole country was 23% of hospital deaths. The fall resulted from a reduction in the number of necropsies and a coincident rise in the number of number of deaths in hospital. The necropsy rate fell with increasing age, was rather lower for women than men, and was lower for some diseases than others. There were considerable inaccuracies in the figures from which these trands were drawn, and these were in turn due to inaccurate recording of clinical and necropsy data. Examination of necropsy returns from the Scottish teaching hospital departments showed that, while a similar fall in necropsy rates was seen in some, there was no consistent pattern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Factors involved in immunization program for swine influenza.

The decision to undertake a nationwide program of vaccination against swine influenza requires assessment of the status of immunity of those in various age groups in our population against this agent. Pools of serum were collected from persons born in the years from 1889 to 1943; they were tested for hemaggultinin inhibiting (HI) antibody against the HSW 1N1 influenza virus strains isolated in 1931 and 1976. The titers secured serve as an indication of the average level of immunity of those of different ages. Persons less than 43 years of age are found to be without antibody protection. The need for vaccination of people in different age groups based on mortality statistics of previous epidemics is evaluated. It is realized that no epidemic may occur and that a reduced virulence of the viral agent and use of antibiotics may reduce the death rate if the infection recurs. The extraordinary high mortality in 1918 in people between 15 and 44 years of age deserves recognition together with the fact that those in the same age group are now without protection. The fact that women of childbearing age fall into this group deserves special consideration in view of increased mortality in puerperal women observed in the pandemics of 1918 and 1957. The degree of protection afforded the newborn by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies is discussed. The need of increasing the level of immunity in those who have varying titers of HI antibodies is considered in relation to the prevalence of cardiopulmonary complications and other chronic diseases in older subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Patterns of childhood mortality and growth status in a rural Zapotec community.

Infant and childhood mortality (birth to 14 years), and growth status of 143 schoolchildren (5 to 14 years) are considered for a rural, Zapotec-speaking community (population, 1703) in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mortality statistics are based on civil records from 1945 to 1970. Growth status is based on weight and height for age, and weight for weight for height. In the Zapotec community, about 59% of all deaths occur in children under 15 years of age; thus, a considerable percentage of individuals die before reaching reproductive age. Children under 5 years of age, however, account for approximately 54% of all deaths, and mortality in children 1 to 4 years of age is especially high (27% of all deaths). The latter figure suggests chronic malnutrition, frequent disease and generally poor circumstances in the community. This suggestion is supported in the heights and weights of schoolchildren, survivors of the rigorous selection processes of the pre-school years. The majority of children are below the 5th centile for stature in well-nourished American children. Weight for height, however, approximates that of the USA reference data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Premature mortality attributable to smoking and hazardous drinking in Canada.

All causes of death related to the two risk factors, smoking and hazardous drinking, have been reviewed followed by a selection of those causes of death for which the causal role of the risk factor appears to be quasi-certain. For each cause, existing epidemiologic data were reviewed and used to determine the fraction of premature mortality which could be attributed to each factor (called the attributable fraction). This fraction was then multiplied by the corresponding Canadian premature mortality measured in terms of deaths between ages one and 70 and potential years of life lost (PYLL) between ages one and 70, which gives a higher weight to younger deaths. Of the 73,440 deaths between ages one and 70 in Canada in 1974, 12% (or 8718 deaths) were found to be attributable to current smoking and 6% (4716) to hazardous drinking. In terms of PYLL between ages one and 70, hazardous drinking ranks ahead of current smoking with 10% (or 132,044 PYLL) of the total PYLL, whereas current smoking represents 8% (105,085 PYLL) of the total . Regardless of whether premature mortality is expressed in terms of deaths or PYLL, about 18% of Canadian premature mortality is attributable to current smoking and/or drinking (with the range of possible values being 14-22%).

Accidents↗
PubMed1979

[Incidence and mortality of malignant lymphomas in the GDR].

Based on data from the cancer register of the German Democratic Republic established in 1952 and on the official mortality statistics, incidence of and mortality from malignant lymphomas (ICD 200-203) in the GDR are analysed. Age-specific incidence and mortality of Hodgkin's disease show a peak in the age group of 25-30 years and rise steadily from 45 years on up to the highest age. Lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma increase slowly from infancy to old age, whereas multiple myeloma is a disease of the elderly and extremely rare before the age of 40. The apparent increase of malignant lymphoma may be due to underregistration at the beginning of the cancer register. In the past years mortality from Hodgkin's disease is slowly decreasing, thus reflecting progress in methods of treatment and results.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Lusaka, 1976.

A prospective study of perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka for 1976 is presented. The early neonatal mortality of the babies born in hospital was 28.7 per 1000 live-births; it was 239.96 per 1000 admissions of those born outside the hospital. The still-birth rate in the hospital-born babies was 25.2 per 1000 deliveries; the perinatal mortality was 53.3 per 1000 deliveries; and the neonatal mortality in the hospital-born was 31.1 per 1000 live-births. The cause of death were asphyxia, infections could injury, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital malformation and intracranial haemmorrhage. If the perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity are to be reduced, much effort and co-operation of all concerned with the health of the expectant mother, and her child are required. Records of birth-weights, stillbirth, and causes of deaths in the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) for the year 1976 have been analysed. The aim is to provide a basis for future comparisons and improvement of the care given to newborns.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perinatal mortality. Statistics from the Gynecological and Obstetrical Service of the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Hospital (1961-1975)].

The authors present their statistics for perinatal mortality from 1961 to 1975. In the last 5 years this mortality is less than 15 per 1000, in spite of an increase in the numbers of pathological pregnancies. Over and above progress in obstetrics and neonatology that has occurred, this result can be attributed in part to the quality of supervision carried out by the senior obstetricians and in part to the existence of pathological consultation which takes place between colleagues about the therapy to be carried out in multidisciplinary meetings.

Female↗