[Dentistry, dental insurance, and education of dental personnel].
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The increasing availability of dental insurance for children, and the relationship between insurance and dental visits are detailed. In the changing environment for the delivery of dental services, successful dental practice and general medical practice increasingly require that health providers recognize the variations in the new populations served.
Examines the primary studies which have contributed to dental care research. By reviewing background information, lays a foundation for the review of the current empirical evidence, which examines the effect of dental insurance coverage on the oral health of the American population, as well as the utilization and demand for dental services. Raises questions and implications for future research and practice.
BACKGROUND: In the past three decades, dental insurance has become a permanent fixture in the delivery of dental services. Some would argue that this has not been good for dentists. However, none will dispute that it is here to stay and that dentists must make some very important decisions in their practices with regard to dental insurance. This article will explore some of those decisions and offer some guidance on how to decide wisely. CONCLUSIONS: Dental insurance now is a permanent fixture in the delivery of dental care. Each dentist must decide if participation with a dental insurance company is in his or her best interest. To make this decision, a dentist must have as much information as possible to evaluate each specific dental plan. If a dentist does decide to participate, the dentist must know the rules. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Participation with a dental insurance company may influence the dentist-patient relationship. Dentists must be prepared to answer the question, "Why do I need this service if my dental insurance does not cover it?" Non-participation with a dental insurance company may result in a reduced number of new patients.
This paper examines the association between dental insurance, dental utilization and oral health outcomes among elderly people living independently in two communities in Ontario. Dental insurance had no independent effect on use of dental services, dissatisfaction with oral health status or clinically defined treatment needs. However, dentate attenders were less likely to be dissatisfied with their oral health and less likely to need dental treatment than those defined as non-attenders. One unexpected finding was that the dentate elderly had higher levels of utilization than is often reported in the literature but still had high levels of treatment need.
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The dentist who participates in reimbursement pursuant to a dental insurance plan establishes a legal relationship to the insurance carrier, which is governed by third-party beneficiary concepts in law. The terms of the dental plan provide specific links to the provider of dental services, which include the right to review the quality of dental services rendered, the right to determine what are reasonable charges for the services rendered, and the right, through subrogation and indemnification, to recover what the insurance carrier determines to be improper payments to the insured and the dentist. The enforcement of those rights against the dentist can affect the manner in which he practices his profession. The failure of the dental practitioner to properly protect his interests when challenged by the insurance carrier under the plan can have adverse and far-reaching consequences upon his practice and upon his very license. It therefore behooves the dental practitioner to be fully knowledgeable of the potential pitfalls to his participation in dental insurance plan reimbursement programs. Unfortunately, the touting of the benefits accruing to the dental practitioner by participation in such plans tends to mask their dangers. It is hoped that this article will have shown that it is incumbent upon the dentist to ensure that his professional record with the insurance carrier and any dental review board accurately reflects proper professional judgement by him in participating in a dental insurance plan.
The first-year consequences of national dental insurance, introduced in Sweden in 1974, are examined here from the point of view of social justice. The concept of equity of access in medical care is discussed. In a local survey, a comparison is made between use of dental services in 1972, 1973, and 1974. The results indicate that the fewer people visited the dentist after the implementation of the insurance than before. Other evidence supports this conclusion. People traditionally considered to be underprivileged as to dental care were compared with other people. One underprivileged group, edentulous persons, received more treatment after the insurance was instituted than before.
The utilization of dental health services and the percentage of adult members of a private health dental insurance plan are generally lower in Quebec than in the other Canadian provinces. In this study, results of a telephone survey of a representative sample of Quebec adults aged 18 and over (N = 8,042) show that 58 per cent of interviewed individuals visited a dentist (53 per cent) or a denturologist (five per cent) during the 12 months preceeding the interview. A multivariate analysis indicates that the most strongly associated factors related to the utilization of dental health services are, in decreasing order, edentulousness, income and level of education. About one third (36 per cent) of those surveyed had dental insurance coverage. Age and income are the most strongly associated factors concerning the membership to a dental health insurance plan. Finally, among those with dental insurance coverage, 71 per cent had visited a dentist or a denturologist during the last 12 months compared to 51 per cent of those not insured.
Dental insurance has been the fastest growing fringe benefit during the 70s. Further, it has evolved into a cost-effective means for getting more people to seek dental treatment. Early worries of the purchaser and the profession about the uninsurability of dental care have largely been solved; to this day, though, no one has developed a model to successfully deliver individual coverage. In the 80s, dental insurance is facing some significant new challenges, mainly because purchasers of care perceive the need to trim all health care costs due to the rapid escalation of medical and hospital costs. Two avenues being pursued are "alternative delivery" and a "health tax" on fringe benefits. These two cost-containment efforts significantly threaten both the form and growth of dental insurance. It is important that the profession recognize the significance of these challenges and, recognizing the causes, become involved in finding solutions that do not diminish the quality of dental care.
BACKGROUND: This article describes recent trends in dental visits and private dental insurance in the United States. METHODS: This study is based on the analyses of data regarding dental visits and private dental insurance among the population 2 years of age or older from the 1989 and 1999 National Health Interview Surveys. RESULTS: Overall, the percentage of the population with a dental visit rose from 57.2 percent in 1989 to 64.1 percent in 1999, while the percentage with private dental insurance fell from 40.5 percent to 35.2 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Although a higher percentage of people with private dental insurance reported having a dental visit than did those without private dental insurance in both years, the increase from 1989 to 1999 in the percentage of those with a visit was larger among the uninsured. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: If this trend persists, a smaller portion of practicing dentist's clientele will be insured. This may affect demand for services, as well as front office operations.
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To assess whether dental insurance influences how institutionalized older adults ages 65 and older rank their oral health status, a census survey was designed for residents of Durham's (Canada) Municipal Homes for the Aged. The odds ratio (OR) and the Cochran & Mantel-Haenszel's OR were used to estimate the crude and adjusted effect of dental insurance on oral health status, respectively. Overall, 64 percent participated in the interview. Oral health status was ranked as "good," "very good" or "excellent" by 57 percent of the participants. This ranking was clearly unrelated to the residents having dental insurance, as only 28 percent had dental coverage. Significant effect modifiers included age, dental status and whether the participant had visited the dentist within the last year. Dental insurance positively influenced how dentate participants ranked their oral health status (OR = 2.26; 95 percent CI = 1.19; 4.28). In edentulous participants, age and visiting the dentist within the last year modified the effect of dental insurance on oral health status. Having dental insurance reduced the odds of reporting "good," "very good" or "excellent" oral health (OR = 0.20; 95 percent CI = 0.08; 0.49) among the participants ages 85 and older who did not visit the dentist within the last year; however, the opposite was true for their younger counterparts who visited the dentist within the last year (OR = 7.20; 95 percent CI = 1.08; 47.96). In this population, therefore, dental insurance was associated with higher oral health status rank among the dentate, but its effect on the edentulous population depended on age and the pattern of visiting the dentist.
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