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PubMed1977

The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship.

The effect of test content and context on the anxiety-intelligence relationship was investigated by group-administering an intelligence measure presumably free of anxiety provoking cues, comprehension of cartoons, and several conventional intelligence and achievement measures to 177 boys and girls in Grades 4-6 in greater Tel-Aviv. Since the humor comprehension intelligence measure was as negatively correlated with test anxiety as were the conventional measures, it was concluded that trait anxiety is not a sufficient explanation of the anxiety-intelligence relationship.

Achievement↗

PubMed2026

Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Nursing Clinical Decision-Making: An Umbrella Review.

AIM: To describe contemporary peer-reviewed literature on artificial intelligence in nurses' clinical decision-making. METHODS: An umbrella review of literature reviews. DATA SOURCES: Four major databases were searched for reviews published between 2019 and 2024. RESULTS: Sixteen literature reviews reported on 965 nursing artificial intelligence primary studies. The studies focused on technology development and emerging performance evaluations, whilst real-world testing or implementation in nursing clinical settings was rare. Rigorous comparative analyses were lacking. While artificial intelligence demonstrates promise in decision-making, challenges such as a lack of controlled studies, algorithmic bias, limited reproducibility and insufficient clinical trials hinder its practical impact. Ethical concerns, transparency and patient data privacy issues pose barriers to AI integration in nursing practice. Ethical and legal guidelines for patient privacy are needed and should be taught along with AI literacy training for nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial intelligence has the potential to enhance clinical nursing decision-making, although evidence is limited by too few examples of nurse participation during development. Underutilisation in administrative nursing functions hinders implementation. Nurses should assume a central role in the design and development of AI applications to ensure that these technologies address the realities of nursing practice. With such improvements, artificial intelligence can transform nursing practice, improve nurses' clinical decision-making and ultimately enhance consumer healthcare outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: No Patient or Public Involvement. REPORTING METHOD: While there is no reporting checklist for umbrella reviews, the PRISMA guide for systematic reviews was followed.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1976

Factors relating to intelligence in treated cases of spina bifida cystica.

Analysis of results on 83 survivors of spina bifida cystica showed the following: (1) in the seven children who had had central nervous system (CNS) infection, intelligence was impaired, six being severely retarded. (2) In the nine children who did not suffer CNS infection or require a shunt, intelligence was normal. The need for a shunt was related to radiological appearance (craniolacunae) and to the sensory level at birth. (3) In the 67 children who did not suffer CNS infection but did require a shunt, intelligence was related to sensory level found at birth and to thickness of the pallium measured within four weeks of birth. Their intelligence did not relate to the occipitofrontal circumference at birth, or to its increase before the insertion of the shunt. Intelligence did not relate to the function of the shunt at the time of assessment or to the number of times it had been revised.

Brain Abscess↗

PubMed1992

Contextual and linguistic correlates of intelligibility in children with developmental phonological disorders.

Listeners' glosses of children's intended words provided data for two studies of the potential influence of selected contextual and linguistic variables on word intelligibility. Several regularities associated with the occurrence of unintelligible words were identified. In Study I, intelligibility outcomes were associated with utterance length and fluency, word position, intelligibility of adjacent words, phonological complexity, and grammatical form. In Study II, intelligibility outcomes were associated with phonological complexity, syllabic structure, and grammatical form. Discussion considers the implications of these and other regularities associated with the occurrence of unintelligible words for a comprehensive perspective on the utterance-to-utterance intelligibility deficits of children with phonological disorders of unknown origin.

Child Language↗

PubMed1978

[Application of the multiple vocabulary test to determining premorbid intelligence levels].

The authors present three basic approaches to solving the problem of determining the premorbid level of intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The indirect way of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence was chosen because of the empirical nature of this approach and the possibility of establishing a firm basis for this. Using a number of samples, it has been possible to show that the multiple vocabulary test satisfies all requirements that must be made of a method of measuring the premorbid level of intelligence. They are above all independence of aging and disease processes as well as a high level of internal validity. Results to date indicate that the multiple vocabulary test is a useful method of rapidly and reliably determining the general level of intelligence. Its special importance lies in the fact that it allows the premorbid level of intelligence to be ascertained, thus contributing to an empirical elucidation of problems associated with decreases in proficiency and general mental deterioration due to organic or psychological factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Most comfortable listening for the loudness and intelligibility of speech.

The effect of instructional set upon most comfortable listening (MCL) was investigated among normal listeners. MCL level and range were determined (method of limits) in relation to listening for comfortable speech loudness versus comfortable speech intelligibility. The results indicate that instructional set does influence listener performance. the mean MCL level for comfortable speech intelligibility was significantly higher (4.96 dB) than the mean level for comfortable speech loudness; the mean MCL range for comfortable speech intelligibility was higher by 7.33 dB and wider by 7.10 dB than the mean range for speech loudness. Ascending stimulus presentation obtained comparable MCL levels for both listening conditions, whereas descending presentation obtained a mean MCL level almost 10 dB higher for comfortable speech intelligibility than for comfortable speech loudness. Males achieved slightly higher MCL levels than did females for both loudness (4.32 dB) and intelligibility (4.96 dB) criteria. It was concluded that the nature of the instructional set be taken into account when interpreting comfortable listening measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Speech intelligibility and the use of hearing protectors.

On theoretical grounds, it is usually assumed that the use of hearing protectors in a noisy working environment has no influence upon speech intelligibility - in fact, may even increase it. In practice, however, people often do not wear hearing protectors, since these are widely believed to reduce speech intelligibility. In the present article, a description is given of an investigation, carried out among 537 subjects, into the influence of hearing protectors upon the speech intelligibility of people suffering from noise-induced hearing loss. From this analysis, it has become clear that the use of ear-muffs only leads to an improvement in speech intelligibility in persons who, according to their pure-tone audiogram, suffer from relatively small hearing losses. In general, it may be said that an increase in the severity of hearing losses will result in a reduced speech intelligibility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Relation of auditory-visual integration to reading and intelligence.

The relation of auditory-visual integration to intelligence and reading achievement was studied in a sample of 165 fifth-grade boys and girls by means of (a) a test to match visual dot patterns to tape-recorded tones (b) a nonverbal intelligence test, and (c) a test of reading comprehension. Results showed that auditory-visual integrative ability was significantly related to intelligence and reading achievement. With the effects of intelligence controlled, intersensory transfer remained a significant predictor of reading achievement.

Achievement↗

PubMed1978

Modifiability of fluid intelligence in aging: a short-term longitudinal training approach.

The aim of this study was to examine to what degree fluid intelligence can be modified in aged subjects. The effectiveness of a cognitive training program designed to enhance one primary component of fluid intelligence, Figural Relations, was assessed by comparing the posttraining performances of 15 experimental and 15 control subjects (mean age: 69; age range 59-85) using a transfer paradigm and three posttraining assessments conducted approximately 1 week, 1 mo, and 6 mo following training. The post-training performance of the two groups was compared on three near (fluid intelligence) and one far (crystallized intelligence) transfer measures. A hierarchical pattern was predicted with the magnitude of training effects ordering themselves in descending order from near to far transfer measures. The training program was successful in enhancing performance on the fluid-nearest measure on all three posttests and for the next fluid-near measure on the first posttest. In addition, significant retest effects resulted which, however, were neither task-specific nor hierarchically ordered, but general and therefore indicative of ability-extraneous factors, such as test sophistication. The findings contribute to a position implying that intellectual performance in old age is more modifiable through short-term behavioral intervention than traditionally assumed.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

A systematic approach to standardizing the visual appearance of endometriotic lesions for artificial intelligence recognition.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have shown that the diagnostic performance and reproducibility of visual recognition of endometriosis during laparoscopy are poor. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) seems relevant for exhaustive lesion recognition. Standardization of the visual classification of lesions, in the form of an ontology, is an essential prerequisite to enable medical experts to annotate surgical data consistently and subsequently allow engineers to train and build an artificial intelligence tool for endometriosis recognition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases up to May 2022, aiming to identify studies describing the laparoscopic visual appearance of superficial endometriosis, endometriomas, and deep infiltrating endometriosis. The accumulated data in the literature concerning the visual appearance of the different forms of endometriosis were used to create an ontology that could be used for artificial intelligence applications. RESULTS: Out of 932 articles screened, 35 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria of human subjects with histologically confirmed endometriosis lesions visualized via laparoscopy. The selected studies were reviewed to develop a visual ontology of endometriosis lesions observed via laparoscopy. The lesions were categorized into 4 classes and further subdivided into 11 subclasses: superficial (black, red, white, or subtle), adhesions (dense or filmy), deep (obliteration, retraction, or deformation), and ovarian (endometrioma or chocolate fluid). The positive predictive value (PPV) varied across lesion types: black lesions (PPV 47%-97%), red lesions (PPV 33%-100%), white lesions (PPV 20%-81%), and ovarian endometriosis (PPV 42%-98%). Nonspecific lesions such as adhesions (PPV 16%-50%) and subtle superficial lesions (PPV 0%-67%) presented lower PPVs. Deep endometriosis lesions, often buried within organs, required indirect signs (obliteration, retraction, deformation) for identification. CONCLUSIONS: The visual ontology proposed in this systematic search could facilitate the detection and classification of endometriosis lesions using artificial intelligence. This study highlights the challenges of reaching a consensus on lesion recognition and classification in AI projects due to the diverse visual presentations of endometriosis.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

A comparison of techniques for measuring intelligibility of dysarthric speech.

Eight techniques for quantifying intelligibility of dysarthric speech were compared. Eight dysarthric speakers who represented a wide range of severity were recorded producing single words and sentences. Thirty-two college students performed the following intelligibility quantification tasks: percentage estimates, rating scale estimates, work and sentence transcriptions, word and sentence completions, and word and sentence multiple-choice tasks. Intelligibility scores for transcriptions were compared to estimates and to other objective tasks with the following results: (1) all measurement techniques, except word completion, rank ordered speakers similarly to transcriptions, (2) mean estimates of intelligibility closely parallel transcription scores, but dispersion of listener estimates was large, and (3) objective tasks form a hierarchy with speakers receiving lowest scores on transcriptions, intermediate scores on completions, and highest scores on multiple-choice tasks. Mean scores for words and sentences were similar. Implications of results for clinical management of dysarthria are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

The effects of hydrocephalus on intelligence, visual perception and school attainment.

A group of 59 children with spina bifida, and a group of matched controls, were given detailed psychological and educational tests at five and seven years. The scores of the control group were similar to the national figures. The scores of the children with spina bifida only (without hydrocephalus) were closest to normal, but still below average. Those with spontaneously arrested hydrocephalus were in the backward range of abilities, and those with shunt-treated hydrocephalus had scores which generally were incompatible with normal levels of intelligence and attainment. Abnormal visuo-perceptual functioning closely correlated with defects in intelligence. The results of the school-attainment tests paralleled the distribution of intelligence but many of the children were found to be functioning below expectation for both age and measured intelligence.

Attention↗

PubMed1976

Length of male and female friendship and perceived intelligence in self and friend.

The Self-Rating Scale of Intelligence (SRSI) and the Otis intelligence test were administered to -20 pairs each of same-sex long-acquaintance males and females and 12 pairs each of same-sex short-acquaintance males and females. The SRSI provided subjects with the opportunity to make intelligence attributions to self, friend, and ideal friend and to provide the expected rating of self by the friend and people-in-general. Significant positive correlations were obtained from relating the within-person perceptions, while nonsignificant correlations were obtained from the relation of perceptions and objectively measured intelligence between friends. Self-concept support from the friend and from people-in-general were the more significant relationships identified across groups.

Female↗

PubMed1978

Learning theory, intelligence, and mental development.

The current state of experimental research on mental retardation was considered from a historical perspective. The early position that defined intelligence as the ability to learn was presented. Subsequent refinements were traced as intelligence was related first to stages and, subsequently, to subprocesses of learning. Research on learning in retarded persons, which mainly dates from the late 1950s, took little account of this history. The methodological errors that flawed much modern mental retardation research were made explicit. Attempts to isolate the roles of MA and of intelligence were reviewed. It was shown that with growing understanding sophisticated designs emerged. Kappauf's three-dimensional model relating performance to IQ and CA was discussed and some models of retardation presented. Research on the development of intelligence was related to these models and to the design of intervention strategies.

Child↗

PubMed2026

Beyond antigen matching: compatibility intelligence theory for transfusion as an emergent biological system.

BACKGROUND: Despite major advances in serologic testing, extended phenotyping, and blood group genomics, clinically similar transfusion exposures may result in markedly different immune and clinical outcomes. Existing compatibility strategies do not fully explain this biological variability. OBJECTIVES: To examine transfusion compatibility as an emergent donor-recipient biological state and propose a systems-level conceptual framework that integrates established biological determinants into a testable model for future precision transfusion medicine. METHODS: This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence from blood group genomics, recipient immunobiology, inflammation, disease-specific biology, transfusion medicine, and computational prediction. The proposed framework distinguishes Compatibility Intelligence Theory (CIT) as a biological interpretation from Precision Transfusion Intelligence (PTI) as its potential clinician-supervised translational application. RESULTS: The review argues that transfusion compatibility is shaped by interactions among donor genetics, recipient immune biology, inflammatory physiology, disease context, transfusion history, and longitudinal adaptation rather than by antigen matching alone. CIT provides an organizational framework for integrating these determinants, whereas PTI describes a possible clinician-supervised translation. To address current feasibility, the revised framework separates variables into routinely measurable, contextually available but incompletely standardized, and research-stage domains, and proposes a staged strategy for deriving rather than assuming their quantitative weights. Any clinical implementation would require comparative validation against current serologic, phenotypic, and genotype-based practice. CONCLUSIONS: Compatibility Intelligence Theory offers a testable systems-level framework for understanding transfusion compatibility without replacing established transfusion practices. The framework is not presented as a ready-to-use score: currently measurable variables can be organized for structured risk review, whereas inflammatory, immunogenetic, and multi-omic inputs require prospective standardization and validation. If future studies demonstrate incremental predictive and patient-centered benefit, CIT-informed PTI could support an adaptive, evidence-based extension of current precision transfusion practice.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

AI-driven CRISPR screening: optimizing gene editing through automation and intelligent decision support.

BACKGROUND: CRISPR-based genetic screening has become a central methodology in functional genomics, enabling systematic interrogation of gene function, genetic interactions and context-dependent vulnerabilities at scale. However, the rapid expansion of screening modalities-including multi-condition designs, combinatorial perturbations, in vivo applications and single-cell readouts-has exposed fundamental limitations of heuristic-driven experimental design and post hoc statistical analysis. MAIN BODY: This Review synthesizes how artificial intelligence is reshaping CRISPR screening by introducing predictive, adaptive and system-level intelligence across the experimental lifecycle. We organize recent advances into two tightly coupled modules. First, machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) methods optimize experimental design by learning context-dependent perturbation behavior, anticipating confounding effects and enabling iterative, information-efficient screening strategies. Second, large language model-agent (LLM-agent) systems complement these advances by externalizing scientific reasoning, integrating biological knowledge at scale and coordinating analysis and decision-making in human-in-the-loop workflows. CONCLUSIONS: Together, ML/DL and LLM-agent approaches reframe CRISPR screening from a static analytical pipeline into an intelligent experimental system, with important implications for robustness, scalability and biological discovery.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of human middle ear muscle contractions on speech intelligibility.

The present study assessed the relationship between the acoustic reflex and speech intelligibility. Monosyllabic words mixed with noise were presented at -6, -3.0 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. The word lists were presented with a 2000-Hz tone in the contralateral ear at a level 15 dB above or 20 dB below the acoustic reflex threshold to evaluate intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility differences with the acoustic reflex contracted and relaxed. The results indicated that a significant decrement in speech intelligibility occurred with the reflex contracted at signal-to-noise ratios of -3, and 0 dB. Slight but not significant decrements were seen at -6 and +3 dB signal-to-noise ratios. These results are discussed along with possible reasons for the lack of agreement with previous research.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Cortical evoked potential, personality, and intelligence.

The averaged cortical evoked potential (CEP) was measured from 296 male subjects in two studies and was correlated with scores on intelligence and personality tests. For both studies, auditory stimuli were used with bipolar electrode placement to the Cz and T3 scalp positions. In the first study, with 84 subjects, stimulus intensity was 95 dB (all dB readings re 20 muN/m2). Intelligence was measured with the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale and personality with H. J. Eysenck's PEN questionnaire. The second study, with 212 subjects, used additional stimuli at 75 dB and 55 dB. Intelligence was measured with the Ravens Progressive Matrices. State anxiety and other state measures at the time of testing were also taken. Neither study found any relation between the CEP and IQ or personality. However, more bored subjects showed larger CEP amplitudes. The results are discussed in terms of Ertl's neural efficiency hypothesis and Eysenck's arousal theory of personality.

Acoustic Stimulation↗