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PubMed2003

The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): previewing a new autoaligner that allows regular updates and the new prokaryotic taxonomy.

The Ribosomal Database Project-II (RDP-II) pro-vides data, tools and services related to ribosomal RNA sequences to the research community. Through its website (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu), RDP-II offers aligned and annotated rRNA sequence data, analysis services, and phylogenetic inferences (trees) derived from these data. RDP-II release 8.1 contains 16 277 prokaryotic, 5201 eukaryotic, and 1503 mitochondrial small subunit rRNA sequences in aligned and annotated format. The current public beta release of 9.0 debuts a new regularly updated alignment of over 50 000 annotated (eu)bacterial sequences. New analysis services include a sequence search and selection tool (Hierarchy Browser) and a phylogenetic tree building and visualization tool (Phylip Interface). A new interactive tutorial guides users through the basics of rRNA sequence analysis. Other services include probe checking, phylogenetic placement of user sequences, screening of users' sequences for chimeric rRNA sequences, automated alignment, production of similarity matrices, and services to plan and analyze terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) experiments. The RDP-II email address for questions or comments is rdpstaff@msu.edu.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Renal response to volume expansion: learning the experimental approach in the context of integrative physiology.

We describe a laboratory experience for upper-level science students that provides a hands-on approach to understanding the basics of experimental physiology. A pre-lab, interactive tutorial develops the rationale for this experiment by reviewing the renal and cardiovascular mechanisms involved in the response to extracellular fluid volume expansion. After a hypothesis is stated, an experiment is designed to determine the relative importance of dilution of plasma proteins to the overall renal excretory response following volume expansion with intravenous saline. In the lab, students collect data from two groups of anesthetized rats. The protocol involves continuous monitoring of arterial pressure and periodic collection of urine and blood samples after volume expansion with either isotonic NaCl or isotonic NaCl plus 5% albumin. A post-lab tutorial is used to analyze, interpret, and discuss the data. Students next prepare an oral presentation, practice it, and finally present their results and answer questions before peers and instructors. This overall experience involves all of the components of doing a "real" experiment, starting with a question that is not answered in general textbooks of physiology and finishing with an oral presentation of the results. Along the way, students gain a better understanding of a complex homeostatic response and learn the care and value of using animals in research and teaching.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Use of computer-assisted learning module to achieve ACGME competencies in orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has charged academic institutions with finding methods to assess learning in specific areas of resident education. Computer-assisted education offers a reliable mode for teaching residents important information and skills. The CD-ROM "Fundamentals of Orthopaedic Foot Care," produced by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, was tested as a tool to provide nonoperative foot and ankle care education for a group of orthopaedic residents (N = 14) and a group of family practice residents (N = 11). The CD-ROM's educational format includes an interactive tutorial on anatomy, video demonstrations on selected topics in physical examination and basic treatment of nonoperative problems of the foot and ankle, and patient education information sheets on multiple common foot disorders. Both resident groups scored significantly higher on their post-test exams after spending 1 hour with the computer program (p < or = .05). This study suggests that this program can be used reliably in an orthopaedic residency program to achieve ACGME required competency of "medical knowledge" in evaluation and nonoperative management of common foot and ankle problems.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2000

Human membrane transporter database: a Web-accessible relational database for drug transport studies and pharmacogenomics.

The human genome contains numerous genes that encode membrane transporters and related proteins. For drug discovery, development, and targeting, one needs to know which transporters play a role in drug disposition and effects. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in human membrane transporters may contribute to interindividual differences in the response to drugs. Pharmacogenetics, and, on a genome-wide basis, pharmacogenomics, address the effect of genetic variants on an individual's response to drugs and xenobiotics. However, our knowledge of the relevant transporters is limited at present. To facilitate the study of drug transporters on a broad scale, including the use of microarray technology, we have constructed a human membrane transporter database (HMTD). Even though it is still largely incomplete, the database contains information on more than 250 human membrane transporters, such as sequence, gene family, structure, function, substrate, tissue distribution, and genetic disorders associated with transporter polymorphisms. Readers are invited to submit additional data. Implemented as a relational database, HMTD supports complex biological queries. Accessible through a Web browser user interface via Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and Java Database Connection (JDBC), HMTD also provides useful links and references, allowing interactive searching and downloading of data. Taking advantage of the features of an electronic journal, this paper serves as an interactive tutorial for using the database, which we expect to develop into a research tool.

Databases, Protein↗
PubMed1988

Knowledge, retention, and attitude effects of computer-assisted instruction.

The effects of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture upon knowledge, retention, and attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students were compared in this research study. Retention was of particular interest, since few nursing CAI studies have investigated this concept. A two-group posttest design with a second posttest eight months later was used. Lesson content for both the CAI and lecture groups was the nursing research problem. The CAI group used an interactive tutorial written in BASIC. The lecture group was presented the same content using transparencies. There were no significant differences in knowledge, retention, or attitudes between the CAI and lecture group. Attitudes toward CAI were positive. CAI is as effective as lecture for learning knowledge and retention.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed2000

Distance learning--an educational tool for developing countries.

Many anaesthetists in small hospitals and developing countries have poor access to educational materials. The use of electronic means of publication and distribution, combined with the concepts of distance learning, can lead to better levels of knowledge and clinical practice. A project based on these principles has been set up in Zimbabwe, and is proving helpful to both trainers and trainees. All District Hospitals have been visited, and trainees in them identified. A survey has been completed to identify the subject areas in which training is most necessary. Trainees have been provided with reference materials on CD-ROM which they can access by computer (each hospital has a computer). Specialist anaesthesiologists in the country are producing interactive tutorials which can be sent out by e-mail to every hospital, and these are backed up by a programme of regular visits, seminars and clinical teaching. The programme is proving helpful to both trainees and tutors, and has the potential to be used in the future in other developing countries.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2001

Student-centered distance learning in health and medical informatics.

Learning and teaching of health and medical Informatics is currently supported by web based material, which in the main has been derived from traditional texts. Aided by contributions from the expert community, the web site of the handbook of Medical Informatics has been developed to incorporate increased interactivity (with question and answers related to each section). This approach has proved beneficial to both student and teacher. To further increase the interactivity of the WWW we investigate the suitability of authoring tools for developing complex simulations and interactive tutorials, using an example from the area of quantitative decision support (Bayes Theorem). We propose that these tools provide a suitable platform for the preparation and delivery of collaboratively produced HMI courses, which address open and distance learning and pedagogic issues.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of computer-aided learning illustrated by the multimedia program, "Hereditary diseases of the dog--joints, bones, musculature"].

Results are presented on the evaluation of the interactive tutorial and information system "Hereditary diseases of the dog-joints, bones, musculature" which was developed at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and the Clinic for Small Animals at the School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, aiming to improve the problem consciousness for the genetic background of most diseases of the musculoskeletal system of the dog. It addresses veterinarians, students of veterinary medicine and also dog breeders and owners. The programme offers extensive basic information about all known hereditary diseases of the joints, bones and muscles of the dog and gives also information on symptoms, diagnosis, therapy, distribution and genetics of the diseases. The user can apply it as a reference book, as a tutorial to complete or control his knowledge or to gain a fast overview of the up-to-date knowledge. The tutorial was evaluated by students in the second and third academic year, veterinary surgeons and dog breeders. Computer assisted learning was judged as very positive by all test persons. The programme received from all test persons an average score of 2.11 +/- 0.77 on a scale from 1 (very good) to 5 (unsatisfactory). The results show that computer-aided learning can be an effective and stimulating substitution to traditional learning and learning materials.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

CompuLung: a multimedia CBL on pulmonary auscultation.

Cardio-pulmonary auscultation, a time honored art, is suffering a declining interest caused by competing diagnostic technology and inadequate training of physicians. Overreliance on diagnostic technology is expensive, not cost-effective and bound to lead to loss of our clinical heritage. We need novel methods to teach and revive this art. Computer-Based Learning (CBL), particularly multimedia supporting graphics plus sound-and-motion pictures, appears to be ideally suited for teaching and sharpening this skill. We present in this paper a multimedia CBL ("CompuLung"), that provides the user with a comprehensive and interactive tutorial on pulmonary auscultation.

Auscultation↗
PubMed1991

Videodisc animation of 3D computer reconstructions of the human brain.

Our group is creating a database of x-, y-, z- coordinates of central nervous system structures from serial cross-sections. We produce 3D computer images of the brain and its components and record them on videodisc. Useful animations include combining objects from different databases to correct anatomical scale, rendering a surface translucent to reveal underlying components, slicing and paging brain slabs with and without protruding individual objects, and dissecting functional pathways. We are beginning to use videodisc animations of the nervous system in computer-based interactive tutorials.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

[AnaTü-MidroTutor. An interactive tutoral program for a microscopy course].

The AnaTü-MikroTutor is an interactive tutorial program providing specific information for the microscopic anatomical course. It is offered as additional tool during practical microscopy and can be used for recapitulation of histology. The software is based on MS-DOS and can be implemented on IBM compatible computers. The main menu imitates a microscopic desk with a microscope, folders for microscopic slides and written additional information to each slide. The various functions are activated by mouse click over the respective icons. The program is offered to the students parallel to the microscopic course at 4 workstations and at a single terminal at the microscopic hall during practical microscopy. The main body of the program contains digital images of the microscopic slides of the course of microscopy in Tübingen. Each slide is represented by an overview and up to six magnifications. Legends are available as overlay. In addition, textual information is offered to each slide, which is intended to initiate further studies, explain specific termini or to indicate clinical relevance.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1995

The HOME tutor: a new tool for training in microscope skills.

AxioHOME is a new concept in microscope design. It is a microscope with a visual display unit mounted in the head permitting computer generated displays to be projected on to the real microscope image when viewed down the eyepieces. This allows the annotation of the microscope image with both text and graphics. The AxioHOME system was used for the construction of complex interactive tutorials for the training and assessment of students. The basis of a tutorial is that features of interest on a microscope slide are indicated to the student who is then provided with either information or questions about those features. In turn the student can also annotate the slide with comments for later discussion with the teacher. The system therefore allows a dialogue between teacher and student. The creation of tutorials is time consuming. It takes approximately 10 min of teacher time to create 1 min of student time. However since the same tutorial can be used by numerous students this releases the teacher from repetitive training. The student response to this teaching method has been very positive. The main criticism being that insufficient teaching material was available.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Complex interactions between tutor performance, tutorial group productivity and the effectiveness of PBL units as perceived by students.

AIM: Tutor performance and tutorial group productivity interact with each other in a complex manner. The aim of this study was to investigate how tutor performance, tutorial group productivity and the effectiveness of a PBL unit interact with each other. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Does the tutor performance score differ across different levels of group productivity? (2) Does the group productivity score differ across different levels of tutor performance? and (3) Is the learning effectiveness score of a PBL unit related to tutor performance and group productivity? METHOD: Students rated the tutor performance, the tutorial group productivity and the effectiveness of the PBL unit. In total 287 unique tutors were involved and were categorized as having a relatively low, average or relatively high score on tutor performance. This was also done for the group productivity score. For each combination, average effectiveness score were computed. Furthermore, partial correlation coefficients were computed. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the average tutor performance score was higher if the productivity score was higher (hypothesis 1). The results also demonstrated that the average productivity score was higher if the tutor performance score was higher (hypothesis 2). Furthermore it was found that the effectiveness score was higher if the productivity score was higher. The effectiveness score was also higher if the tutor score was higher. The results furthermore demonstrated that the correlation coefficient between tutor performance and effectiveness of the PBL unit is 0.01 (n.s.) if the correlation between the two variables was controlled for group productivity (was 0.36). In addition, the correlation coefficient between group productivity and effectiveness became 0.39 if the correlation between these two variables was controlled for tutor performance (was 0.51) (hypothesis 3). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that tutor performance differs across different levels of group productivity and that the group productivity score differs across different levels of tutor performance. In addition, it is concluded that both group productivity and the tutor's performance have an impact on the effectiveness of a PBL unit, although the correlation between group productivity and effectiveness is higher than the correlation between tutor performance and effectiveness. This finding illustrates the importance of the group's productivity in PBL and the tutor's importance and implies that schools should put more efforts in improving tutorial group functioning as well as in improving a tutor's performance.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed2006

Interactive educational diabetes/insulin tutorial at www.2aida.info.

The World Wide Web now hosts a multitude of diabetes educational materials in various formats. Of particular interest is the diabetes/insulin tutorial available at the AIDA Website (accessible directly at: www.2aida.info). The tutorial combines textual or "static" information with an interactive diabetes simulator-AIDA online-to provide an engaging and effective educational tool. AIDA online (accessible directly at: www.2aida.net) enables the simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose levels from user-defined insulin injection and carbohydrate intake data. A haemoglobin A1c value is also computed, giving an indication of overall blood glucose control in the virtual patient with diabetes. The diabetes/insulin tutorial is currently composed of four sections: the first two cover in considerable depth insulin injection regimens and insulin dosage adjustment; the third section introduces the principles of carbohydrate counting and, specifically, matching insulin doses to carbohydrate intake; and the fourth section illustrates the relationship between blood glucose levels and renal excretion of glucose. The simulator runs alongside the tutorial, and allows various concepts described in the text to be explored freely by the user and simulated interactively. This introduces a novel way of learning how injected insulin and dietary carbohydrate interact in various insulin injection regimens. A fifth section- for which any offers of assistance would be gratefully received-is planned. This will consider the use of insulin pumps and rapidly acting and very long-acting insulin analogues. Further improvements that may strengthen the existing tutorial and/or use of the online simulator are discussed in this column.

CD-I↗
PubMed2004

Preparing dental students to recognize and respond to domestic violence: the impact of a brief tutorial.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a brief, interactive multimedia tutorial designed to prepare dentists to recognize and respond to domestic violence. METHODS: The authors randomly assigned dentists and dental students to one of three groups: a control group or one of two experimental groups in a modified Solomon four-group design. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-one dental students and 13 dentists completed the multimedia tutorial. At the posttest, subjects in both experimental groups demonstrated significantly better scores than did subjects in the control group on most items. The two experimental groups (pretest and posttest, posttest only) did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSION: An engaging, interactive tutorial presenting a simplified model for ways in which dental professionals can recognize and respond to domestic violence significantly improved dental students' knowledge of, and attitudes toward, the topic. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians may improve the care they provide to patients by accessing this brief tutorial and following the lessons contained in it.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Variable temperature infrared spectroscopy: a convenient tool for studying the thermodynamics of weak solid-gas interactions.

This tutorial review describes the use of variable temperature infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed species (VTIR), a recent method for studying the thermodynamics of weak solid-gas interactions. Examples show how a fundamental relationship of thermodynamics (the van't Hoff equation, used long since in several fields of physical chemistry) can describe equilibrium processes at the solid-gas interface. The VTIR method is fully exploited by measuring absorbance of an IR band, temperature and pressure over a wide temperature range: an estimation of the interaction energy is, however, possible even ignoring the equilibrium pressure. Precise thermodynamic characterization of solid-gas interactions is required in several fields: on the applied side, gas sensing, separation and storage, which involve such areas as work-place security, air pollution control and the energy sector; regarding fundamental knowledge, weak solid-gas interactions are relevant to a number of fields, including hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry and surface phenomena in a broad sense. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy of (gas) molecules adsorbed on a solid is frequently used to characterize both, the adsorbed species and the adsorbing centres at the solid surface. The potential of the technique can be greatly enhanced by obtaining IR spectra over a temperature range, and simultaneously measuring IR absorbance, temperature and equilibrium pressure. When this is done, variable temperature infrared (VTIR) spectroscopy can be used not only for a more detailed surface characterization, but also for precise studies on the thermodynamics of solid-gas interactions. Furthermore, when weak interactions are concerned, the technique shows favourable features compared to adsorption calorimetry, or to other classical methods. The potential of the VTIR method is highlighted by reviewing recently reported studies on dihydrogen, dinitrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption on zeolites. To facilitate understanding, an outline of the basis of the method is also given, together with an appraisal of the critical points involved in its practical use.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

The epilepsy tutorial.

Within the European Neurological Network (ENN) project an interactive multimedia tutorial covering the medical field of epilepsy has been created. The first priorities of that project to educate health care professionals, e.g. General Practitioners (GP), throughout the European community as how to best diagnose and treat patients (e.g. reduction of frequent consultations, avoiding of excessive and unnecessary medication and useless laboratory tests) and to inform patients and carers are reached by producing a distributable CD-ROM. Later frequent updates of the content of the installed tutorial will take place by a telematic network contacting the multimedia database of the ENN-project. Using the toolbook author-system with integrated sound, images, animation and videos the data collected from about 10 experts are arranged as an electronic book, with multiple-linked pages and an object oriented program design, based for instance on customisable navigation buttons, special text arrangement, graphics, and staging areas for content and interaction display. The multimedia tutorial about epilepsy contains case reports, specific multiple choice questions with scoring, video clips etc. and several possibilities for access such as help-pages available all times, index, search machine for phrases, bookmark settings and roadmaps for graphical orientation. Detailed text is prepared including physiology and pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, investigations, therapeutics, epilepsy in children, advice for patients and carers, and is supported by a glossary, special definitions and proposals for classification of the different kinds of epilepsy. The tutorial runs with Windows 3.1, 95 and NT and contains 1300 pages text with 382 Fig.s, 14 videos, 70 sound files, 196 definitions and 8 roadmaps. The epilepsy tutorial has been distributed in March/May 1998 to more than 100 general physicians in Germany, Portugal and France.

Adolescent↗