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PubMed2006

Dynamics of verbal interaction between interviewer and child in interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse.

A number (n = 27) of investigative interviews with children were analyzed with a view to explore the verbal dynamics between interviewer and child. Different types of interviewer utterances and child responses were defined, and the interrelationships between these were explored. The effectiveness of different interviewer utterances in eliciting information from children as well as the type of utterance the interviewer used to follow up an informative answer by the child were investigated. Option-posing and suggestive utterances made up for more than 50% of interviewer utterances, the proportion of invitations being only 2%. Invitations and directive utterances were associated with an increase in informative responses by the child, the adverse being true for option-posing and suggestive utterances. Interestingly, even after the child had provided an informative answer, interviewers continued to rely on focused and leading interviewing methods--in spite of a slight improvement in interviewing behavior.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Interviews with survivors of suicides: procedures and follow-up of interview subjects.

In a series of 104 suicides in women, 91 primary informants were interviewed face-to-face. Sixty-two informants participated in a follow-up interview by phone, conducted by an independent investigator in order to determine their attitudes toward the initial interview. One third thought that the initial interview shed new light on the suicide, and two thirds considered the interview emotionally beneficial. In all, the initial interview was a positive or neutral experience for 54 informants and negative for 6. All but one of these were recognized as problematic interview subjects at the initial interview. The remaining two subjects could not be judged at the follow-up. In order to avoid negative consequences of the interviews, the investigator should adjust the procedures and provide support in the crisis reaction.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

The reliability of telephone interviews compared with in-person interviews using memory aids.

PURPOSE: Information obtained by telephone interviews and in-person interviews is generally considered comparable, but it is unclear if extensive memory aids can be used effectively with telephone interviews. We compared a telephone interview to an in-person interview using the same questionnaire and memory aids in both. METHODS: A convenience sample of 103 women, aged 25 to 69 years, completed a telephone interview and at least four weeks later, completed an in-person interview. Memory aids included a life events calendar, cue lists, and worksheets. RESULTS: Agreement values, measured by kappa/weighted kappa, were as follows: parity (1.00), age at menarche (0.76), menopausal status (0.95), a history of reproductive organ surgery (0.98) or tubal ligation (0.91), self-reported infertility (0.76), and a first degree family history of breast/ovarian cancer (0.90). Agreement values for duration variables, measured by the intraclass correlation, were as follows: lactation (0.96), oral contraceptive use (0.98), any hormone replacement therapy (0.98), exclusive estrogen and progesterone therapy (0.83), and exclusive estrogen therapy (0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The good to excellent level of agreement found in this study indicates that telephone administration of our questionnaire with extensive memory aids is a reliable method of obtaining detailed exposure information relative to in-person interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Personality, biographical characteristics, and job interview success: a longitudinal study of the mediating effects of interviewing self-efficacy and the moderating effects of internal locus of causality.

In this study, the authors developed and tested a model of performance in job interviews that examines the mediating role of interviewing self-efficacy (I-SE; job applicants' beliefs about their interviewing capabilities) in linking personality and biographical background with interview success and the moderating role of locus of causality attributions in influencing the relationship between interview success and subsequent I-SE. The authors tested their model (over 5 months' duration) with matched data from 229 graduating seniors, firms, and university records. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated I-SE mediated the effects of Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and leadership experience on interview success. Locus of causality attributions for interview outcomes moderated the relationship between interview success and subsequent I-SE. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

The effects of interviewer race and child race on sexual abuse disclosures in forensic interviews.

This study examined the impact of interviewer race and child race on disclosures by alleged child sexual abuse victims during forensic interviews. Despite findings that supportiveness of caretaker, gender of interviewer, gender of child, and age of child affect disclosure, previous studies have failed to examine race as a variable impacting disclosure in a real-world setting. The study examined 220 cases from an archive of reports generated from forensic interviews in an urban setting. The reports were reviewed and coded for degree of disclosure, focusing on African American and Caucasian children and interviewers. The results indicate that child race and the interaction of child race and interviewer race reliably distinguished between no disclosure, tentative disclosure, and disclosure with detailed account of activity, while interviewer race alone failed to serve as a significant predictor. The interaction between child race and interviewer race was not in the predicted direction, with cross-race dyads disclosing more than same-race dyads. Results are discussed in the context of real-world applications versus the previous analogue child sexual abuse literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Computer-assisted text analysis of psychiatric treatment sessions--comparison with psychoanalytically oriented initial interview, psychoanalytic sessions and visit interviews].

24 interviews in a psychiatric outpatient clinic have been analysed as well by means of the Ulm computer-assisted text data analysis (macro- and micro-structural) as by means of a self-administered adjective checklist and have been compared with psychoanalytic initial interviews, psychoanalytic sessions and visit interviews in an internal and in a psychosomatic ward. The therapists' verbal activity was more in psychiatric interviews than in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic initial interviews, but less than in visit interviews in an internal, not in a psychosomatic ward, however. Subgrouping the psychiatric interviews according to the patients' initial emotional state, there were significant differences of the sequential analyses- and that regarding verbal activity, frequencies of anxiety topics, common vocabulary, talking about psychopharmacotherapy versus interpersonal relationships and use of personal pronouns. Conclusively, psychiatric interviews can be recorded and evaluated by methods of empirical psychotherapy process research.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effects of interviewer gender in mental health interviews.

Despite indications that gender can affect the disclosure of personal information, few studies examine the effects of interviewer gender in eliciting information pertaining to psychological functioning and mental health. Analysis of data collected at the Los Angeles site of the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study reveals that interviewer gender is significantly related to respondents' reports of psychiatric symptoms. Male and female respondents interviewed by women report more symptoms of depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders than respondents interviewed by men. It is suggested that female interviewers may create conditions more conducive to disclosure and be perceived as more sympathetic than male interviewers. Although limitations of both data and analysis preclude a definitive conclusion, the findings suggest that interviewer gender may influence disclosure in mental health and related types of interviews.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hypnotic interviewing: the best way to interview eyewitnesses?

It has been suggested that hypnosis techniques may have the potential to enhance eyewitness memory in forensic investigations. However, laboratory research shows that increases in recall with hypnosis techniques are often associated with decreases in accuracy, false confidence in incorrect information, and increased suggestibility to leading questions and misleading post-event information. These problems limit the usefulness of hypnosis as an interviewing procedure. However, in practical investigations, many factors associated with hypnosis, apart from the hypnotic induction itself, might lead to memory enhancement compared with standard police interviews. For example, hypnotic interviewers, because of their psychological, clinical, and interpersonal skills, may be better interviewers than police officers. They may use effective interviewing strategies such as those associated with the "cognitive interview"; a procedure which has the potential to enhance recall by approximately 35% without the problems of memory distortion associated with hypnosis. It is concluded, therefore, that a cognitive interview procedure should be used in preference to hypnosis.

Bias↗
PubMed2004

A missing link in suggestibility research: what is known about the behavior of field interviewers in unstructured interviews with young children?

Despite suggestibility researchers' focus on adult behaviors that distort children's reports, whether behaviors examined in experimental work are used in the field is unknown. The current study presents a mutually exclusive and exhaustive hierarchical coding system that reflects interview questioning behaviors of concern in experimental work. The study examined 80 unstructured interviews conducted by 41 field interviewers with 40 children ages 3 to 7 about known events. Data on the use of leading and neutral questions are presented and include distinctions between accurate and inaccurate suggested information. In addition, analyses show that interviewers are consistent in their style of questioning and that a preinterview measure of interviewers' preference for a qualitative versus a quantitative interviewing style predicted the introduction of novel information into the interview.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Audio-computerized self-interviewing versus face-to-face interviewing for research data collection at drug abuse treatment programs.

AIMS: To assess audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (A-CASI) as a mode of data collection with injecting drug users (IDUs) entering two drug treatment programs in New York City. A-CASI has been found to increase reporting of sensitive items among a variety of population subgroups. DESIGN: A field test of A-CASI data collection conducted within an ongoing cross-sectional study of drug use and HIV risk behaviors among IDUs entering drug treatment. Participants were assigned without bias to either a computer-assisted interviewer-administered personal interview (CAPI) or to a mixed CAPI/A-CASI interview. In the latter, 'sensitive' portions (dealing with stigmatized behavior) of the questionnaire were self-administered through A-CASI, while the remaining portions were interviewer-administered. SETTING: The Detoxification Program and the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP) at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred and eighty-three IDUs entering drug treatment. MEASUREMENTS: Odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (controlling for demographic differences) for comparison of A-CASI versus CAPI responses on 111 sensitive questions. FINDINGS: Twenty-three statistically significant differences (each at P < 0.05), all in the direction of more reporting of the behaviors by the A-CASI group. Forty-one per cent of A-CASI participants said they would prefer any subsequent interviews to be fully A-CASI and 46% said they would prefer the mixed CAPI/A-CASI mode. CONCLUSIONS: A-CASI was associated with greater reporting of potentially stigmatized drug, sex and HIV risk behaviors on a moderate number of questions. Moreover, a large majority of participants who used A-CASI would like to be assigned to this method of data collection in future interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews.

The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability and provide initial data bearing on the validity of a method of assessing personality disorders (PDs) that does not presume that patients can accurately self-report personality pathology. In a sample of 24 outpatients, two clinician-judges independently applied the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 2000), a 200-item Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology, to data from the Clinical Diagnostic Interview (Westen, 2002), a systematic clinical interview that mirrors and standardizes methods used by experienced clinicians to diagnose personality. In 16 of the 24 cases, the treating clinician also independently described the patient using the SWAP-200 Q-sort, based on longitudinal knowledge of the patient over the course of treatment, blind to the interview data. Interrater reliability was uniformly high, with median correlations between interviewers at r > .80. Interviewer-treating clinician correlations were also high, with median convergent validity coefficients at r > .80. Diagnostic overlap (discriminant validity) was moderate for dimensional DSM-IV diagnoses, reflecting extensive comorbidity among disorders, but minimal for empirically derived diagnoses identified in prior research. Treating clinicians' dimensional PD diagnoses using this method also strongly predicted interviewer-rated measures of adaptive functioning. The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of an alternative to structured interviews for diagnosing personality pathology, and suggest that the way to improve validity of personality diagnosis may not be to minimize clinical inference but to quantify it using psychometric instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Borderline personality organization, structural diagnosis and the structural interview. A pilot study of interview analysis.

Kernberg has related the level of integration of the personality to the level of integration (and "structuring") of internalized object relations. He has designated three levels of personality organization: neurotic, borderline, and psychotic, and has developed a specially focused clinical interview designed to reveal intrapsychic structural characteristics--a "structural interview"--as a diagnostic instrument to differentiate the three types of personality organization. This study presents a method of analysis of the structural interview. Interviews of ten hospitalized psychiatric patients were studied to determine whether indicators could be retrieved from the typescripts of the interviews consonant with the diagnoses made by clinicians utilizing Kernberg's structural theory. Results indicate that scores generated from the typescripts are consistent with the hypothesis that the interviews did contain the indicators called for by structural theory and differentiate borderline from psychotic structures better than chance. In addition, this method of analysis of contingencies of interaction in the interview may have broader application to the study of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Do UK Medical School Applicants Prefer Interviewing to Non-Interviewing Schools?

Medical schools select applicants; applicants who hold two or more offers also select medical schools. In this study we examine a large cohort of applicants applying for admission to UK medical schools in October 1991, and show that when presented with a choice, applicants are more likely to select an interviewing school over a non-interviewing school. Preferences for individual schools are examined in detail using the Bradley-Terry method for paired comparisons. The analysis shows that the preference for interviewing schools cannot be explained in terms of a preference for Oxford and Cambridge (which both interview), nor is it due to confounding by more non-interviewing schools being in the north of the UK. Nevertheless, interviewing status does not account for all the preferences expressed by applicants. The preference for interviewing schools is perhaps explained by applicants feeling closer and more involved with schools which they have visited, which have talked to them personally, and which have selected them individually, rather than on the basis of an impersonal application form.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10.

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) is a short structured diagnostic interview, developed jointly by psychiatrists and clinicians in the United States and Europe, for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. With an administration time of approximately 15 minutes, it was designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings. The authors describe the development of the M.I.N.I. and its family of interviews: the M.I.N.I.-Screen, the M.I.N.I.-Plus, and the M.I.N.I.-Kid. They report on validation of the M.I.N.I. in relation to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Version, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and expert professional opinion, and they comment on potential applications for this interview.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of two interview schedules. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime and the National Institute for Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule.

Two structured interviews, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime (SADS-L) and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS), were compared as methods of reducing information variance in the diagnostic process. Forty-two patients newly admitted to an alcohol treatment unit were randomly selected and were independently interviewed using the SADS-L and NIMH-DIS. The order of the interviews was random and they were separated by three to four days. Interrater reliability for each interview schedule was calculated using the kappa statistic and was found to be high. The degree of diagnostic concordance between the two interview schedules for several diagnostic categories was also found to be high.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews.

Similar structured diagnostic interviews about the child were given by different interviewers to a cohort of 307 mother-child pairs. A diagnosis was made by computer on each interview, using specified criteria. Diagnoses on mother-child interviews were compared using the kappa statistic. Kappas of .30 or higher were found for the diagnosis of antisocial personality, conduct disorder, enuresis, mixed behavior-neurotic disorder, and possible depression. Comparisons were made for sex and age. Possible depression and enuresis were diagnosed reliably at all age levels and for both sexes. The limitations of the interview and diagnostic system used are discussed. The findings support the need for further efforts to develop diagnostic research interviews for use with children and adolescents.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Sex of interviewer, place of interview, and responses of homosexual men to sensitive questions.

Effects of sex of interviewer and place of interview on the responses of 57 AIDS patients and 145 other homosexual men were studied. Data on sensitive topics were collected by five male and three female medical officers at places convenient to respondents. Male physicians recorded fellatio more frequently, but female physicians recorded younger ages of initiating homosexual activities and more frequent use of certain recreational drugs. These differences apparently were due to different patterns of sexual contact and drug use in four cities. Patients with AIDS tended to be interviewed in hospitals and doctors' offices, other men tended to be interviewed in hotel rooms, and patients tended to be different from other men. After adjustments were made for confounding, sex of interviewer and place of interview seemed to have little influence on the answers obtained.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗