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PubMed1989

Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sputum and stool isolates from cystic fibrosis patients: evidence for intestinal colonization and spreading into toilets.

Three hundred and fifty-eight stool and 131 sputum specimens from 40 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 100 toilet sinks were investigated for occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 67% (21/31) of the patients with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infections carried the organism repeatedly in the stool but the organism was found only once in the stools of nine uninfected patients. P. aeruginosa stool carriage was correlated to high P. aeruginosa numbers in patients' sputa. Typing of P. aeruginosa with a DNA probe showed identity of sputum and stool strains. Seven patients repeatedly carried additional stool strains, not found in the sputum, suggesting intestinal colonization. No differences were seen in the clinical state of patients with P. aeruginosa-negative stool samples and patients with positive stool samples. Toilets in households of P. aeruginosa-infected CF patients were significantly more often contaminated with P. aeruginosa (42%) than toilets in households of non-infected CF patients (20%; P less than 0.03). The study shows that P. aeruginosa-infected CF patients may harbour the organisms also in the intestinal tract, and may spread the bacteria into toilets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Antibodies to outer membrane proteins of Vibrio cholerae induce protection by inhibition of intestinal colonization of vibrios.

An antiserum was raised against the outer membrane (OM) preparation of a Vibrio cholerae 01 strain (Classical, Ogawa) and rendered specific for the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) by absorption with its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-OMP serum showed reactivity against OM preparations of other 01 and non-01 V. cholerae strains in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antiserum also induced significant protection against V. cholerae challenge in the suckling mouse model. This protection was found to be independent of biotype, serotype as well as serovar of the challenge organism and was demonstrable even at subagglutinating dilutions of antiserum. The Fab (IgG) fragment, prepared from the anti-OMP serum, also induced passive protection in similar experiments. Further studies demonstrated that the anti-OMP serum as well as its Fab (IgG) fragment markedly inhibited the intestinal colonization of a highly colonizing V. cholerae 01 strain A17 (El Tor, Ogawa). These results highlight the importance of V. cholerae OMPs in immunoprophylaxis against cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Escherichia coli F-18 makes a streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine colonization factor when grown in nutrient broth containing glucose.

Escherichia coli F-18 FimA-, a type 1 fimbria-less derivative of a normal human fecal isolate, E. coli F-18, has previously been shown to be as good a colonizer of streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine as its parent, suggesting that type 1 fimbriae are not necessary in this process. In this study it was found that when E. coli F-18 FimA- was grown standing overnight at 37 degrees C in nutrient broth, it remained uniformly suspended; however, when grown in nutrient broth containing 1% (wt/wt) D-glucose, it settled to the bottom of culture tubes. Settling was associated with the formation of clumps (microcolonies) of more than 10 cells each. The effect of glucose could be partially reversed by growing E. coli F-18 FimA- in nutrient broth containing 1% D-glucose supplemented with cyclic AMP (greater than or equal to 1 mM). A reduced-settling mutant of E. coli F-18 FimA-, E. coli F-18 FimA- Set-, selected after Tn5 mutagenesis, was found to be a poor colonizer of streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine when fed to mice simultaneously with the parent strain. These results suggest that glucose-induced settling is, at least in part, regulated in a way related to catabolite repression and that the ability of E. coli F-18 FimA- to form microcolonies plays an important role in its ability to colonize streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Observations on the intestinal colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in newborn infants.

We studied the intestinal flora of 23 newborns, whose meconium had yielded a pure culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on blood agar medium. Twelve infants had a single serotype of P. aeruginosa in their meconium, 10 had a second serotype and the last infant was carrying three distinct ones. The maximum levels of P. aeruginosa observed during the first week of life were variable among the infants: 1 x 10(3) to 1 x 10(10) CFU/g of stools. The levels diminished progressively afterwards, and after 1 year of age only 1 of the 13 infants examined remained a carrier of P. aeruginosa. In 11 infants a second or a third serotype occurred during the course of the study. The serotypes that appeared secondarily always disappeared before the initial ones. Antibiotics: ampicillin + gentamicin or cefotaxime + netilmicin and colistin which were given to 8 infants had no clear effect on P. aeruginosa levels. Four infants had delayed colonization by Escherichia coli of greater than or equal to 10 days. All 4 had high levels of P. aeruginosa: 1 x 10(7) to 1 x 10(10) CFU/g stool, and antibiotic therapy, rendering it impossible to assess which was the cause of this delay. This colonization by P. aeruginosa did not lead to any clinical trouble.

Cefotaxime↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of muscarinic cholinergic and alpha adrenergic receptors in canine ileum, colon, intestinal urinary reservoirs and bladder.

The muscarinic cholinergic (MCh) and alpha 2 adrenergic receptor densities in canine ileum, colon, ileal and colonic urinary reservoirs and bladder were determined using radioligand receptor binding methods in order to provide a rational basis for pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence following bladder replacement with intestinal segments. Muscarinic cholinergic and alpha 2 adrenergic receptor binding sites were studied in these tissues using saturation experiments with 3H-NMS and 3H-rauwolscine, respectively. The mean equilibrium dissociation constants for 3H-NMS binding (0.13 to 0.17 nM) in these tissues were similar (p greater than 0.05) indicating homogeneity of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites. The mean equilibrium dissociation constants for 3H-rauwolscine binding (1.27 to 1.98 nM) in these tissues were also similar (p greater than 0.05). A substantial density of MCh (1.06 to 1.22 fmol/mg. wet wt.) and alpha 2 adrenergic (0.47 to 1.11 fmol/mg. wet wt.) binding sites was identified in the intestinal tissues assayed. The density of ileal and colonic MCh and alpha 2 adrenergic binding sites was not altered following construction of urinary intestinal reservoirs. The presence of a substantial density of MCh and alpha 2 adrenergic binding sites in the intestinal tissues suggests that MCh and alpha 2 adrenergic analogs may be utilized for the management of urinary incontinence following bladder replacement with intestinal urinary reservoirs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Intestinal colonization & production of diarrhoea by enteroadherent-aggregative Escherichia coli.

The ability of HEp-2 cell adherent Esch. coli of aggregative phenotype (EA-Agg EC) to cause diarrhoea and to colonize the bowel of rabbits was studied. Thirty six rabbits were challenged with one of three EA-Agg EC strains (F23A; H766C and F17A-15, 3 and 3 rabbits respectively) or a control strain (K12-15 rabbits) in reversible ileal-tie in adult rabbit diarrhoea (RITARD) model. The animals were sacrificed 72 h post challenge. Severe diarrhoea occurred in greater number of F23A challenged rabbits than the controls (P < 0.05). Mucosal cultures from proximal and distal small intestine and colon yielded about 1000 times more Esch. coli in the test than control rabbits (P < 0.001 in each case). EA-Agg EC were consistently grown from mucosa in the test rabbits who commonly showed mild to moderate villous stunting and grade + to nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) in the small and large bowel epithelium. The control animals had either normal villi or very mild villous stunting. Results comparable to F23A were obtained with the other two EA-Agg EC strains tested in a smaller number of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Intestinal colonization and virulence of Salmonella in mice.

Within 3 h after oral challenge of mice with Salmonella typhimurium, foci of infection developed in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The numbers of organisms in the cecum, although in excess of those found in the small intestine, were not firmly associated with the cecal wall but were present largely in the cecum's contents. The Peyer's patches at first were remarkably incapable of eliminating even small numbers of Salmonella, but at about 7 days after infection developed the ability to eliminate a less virulent strain of S. typhimurium. Selected strains of Salmonella of varied virulence, and hybrid Escherichia coli/Salmonella typhimurium with varied O-antigens, revealed that those of low virulence could multiply within the intestinal Peyer's patches at nearly the same rate as a virulent strain, and the ability to multiply within the Peyer's patches was not dependent upon O-antigen type or smooth lipopolysaccharide. The ability of these strains to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vitro did not reflect on their ability to colonize the Peyer's patches, although strains of high in vitro adhesive ability appeared in greater numbers initially after oral challenge. Anti-O serum, ineffective in reducing the in vitro adhesive ability of virulent S. typhimurium, when given with the oral challenge prevented Peyer's patch colonization but was unable to prevent the appearance of a systemic infection. Anti-H serum, although effective in vitro in preventing adherence, had no effect in vivo. These experiments suggest that adhesiveness is neither essential nor sufficient for the virulence of Salmonella and that the usual development of a systemic infection after colonization of the small intestinal Peyer's patches may be subverted by the presence of O-antibody.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1986

Factors responsible for increased susceptibility of mice to intestinal colonization after treatment with streptomycin.

Streptomycin sulfate (5 mg/ml) was added to the drinking water of Swiss white mice. After treatment for 1 week, the mice were challenged orogastrically with 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. The organism failed to multiply in the intestinal tract of either treated or untreated animals, but could be recovered from contents and tissues after 48 h. In a previous study, Salmonella typhimurium was shown to multiply in the intestines of streptomycin-treated but not untreated mice when 10(3) organisms were used as inoculum. Streptomycin administration had little effect on Eh, protein or carbohydrate concentrations of cecal contents, or intestinal motility. However, it caused a statistically significant increase in water content and pH of contents and a decrease in the concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. S. typhimurium multiplied in pooled cecal contents obtained from both streptomycin-treated and untreated animals, but its multiplication rate and total populations were significantly greater in contents from treated animals. P. aeruginosa did not multiply in contents from either treated or untreated mice. Similar results were obtained when the organisms were inoculated into nutrient broth adjusted to simulate the pH levels and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in cecal contents of treated and untreated mice. The addition of brain heart infusion broth to cecal contents from untreated animals, in concentrations that support multiplication of S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa, did not reverse inhibition. The addition of VFA to cecal contents from treated animals to equal the concentration in cecal contents from untreated animals caused inhibition of a magnitude observed in cecal contents from untreated animals. The results indicate that VFA operating at the pH level of cecal contents of conventional mice inhibit the multiplication of both S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa and restrict colonization of the intestine by these organisms. The decrease in VFA concentrations that occurs as a result of streptomycin administration adequately explains the increased susceptibility of treated mice to colonization with S. typhimurium. It does not explain the increased susceptibility of treated mice to P. aeruginosa colonization, however.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods for studying the motility in the small intestine, colon and recto-anal area].

Small bowel and colonic motility can be studied either indirectly by the determination of the transit time or directly in recording bowel contractions. Small bowel transit time is usually assessed with the H2-breath test when colonic transit time is mainly determined fluoroscopically in studying the progression of radiopaque markers along the large bowel. Scintigraphic techniques are promising but not routinely used techniques. In the small bowel, gut contractions are recorded with manometric probes. To study colonic movements, electromyography is more usual than manometry. In both cases, whatever the technique employed, the large inter- and intra (topographic and nycthemeral) variability need to be considered for the interpretation of the motor patterns. Rectoanal studies led to consider two aspects: how the rectum acts as a reservoir and anal function. The ability of the rectum to be a reservoir is assessed either by the volume remaining in the rectum during the rectal perfusion with saline or by the determination of the maximal tolerable volume of distension. Manometry and/or electromyography test anal function at rest and during a rectal distension, straining or a voluntary contraction.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1989

Failure of norfloxacin to eradicate intestinal colonization of non-typhoidal salmonella in infants.

Infant colonization with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is common and eradication is problematic. Oral norfloxacin has promising properties for solving this problem, though it has potential toxicity to infants. The drug has been available in Thailand since 1987. Since then, some infants who had diarrhea or NTS colonization were treated with oral norfloxacin 15-20 mg/kg/day for 3-5 days on individual physician's judgement. This observational study was performed in infants and children who had NTS in stool, seen at Ramathibodi hospital from September 1987 to February 1988, in order to give preliminary information. Sixteen of 48 infants received oral norfloxacin treatment. Nine infants had established failure of NTS eradication from follow-up rectal swab cultures. Five infants did not have follow-up rectal swab culture, and two had negative culture once on day 7 after treatment. Considering that 7 infants who did not have evidence of bacteriologic failure were free from colonization, the excretion rate during the first two weeks could be estimated as 56 per cent which is not less than the natural history of this disease. This observation suggests failure of oral norfloxacin, 15 mg/kg/day given in 2 divided doses for 3 days, in eradication NTS colonization in infants.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Intestinal colonization with lactobacilli strains in neutropenic patients.

In order to protect granulopenic patients against infections by pathogens from their own digestive tract, large amounts of lactobacilli were given to 5 patients whose intestinal flora had been suppressed by oral antibiotics. In all these cases, lactobacilli failed to prevent spontaneous recolonization of the gastrointestinal tract by enteric bacteria. Six attempts of colonization were made; in spite of the importance of the inoculum administered orally, large numbers of lactobacilli were recovered from stools in only two cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Intestinal colonization potential of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)- and dab (Limanda limanda)-associated bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum.

Of more than 400 bacteria isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), 89 have previously been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of seven of these strains, as well as of intestinal isolates (four strains) from a closely related fish, dab (Limanda limanda), for colonizing farmed turbot as a means of protecting the host from infection by V. anguillarum. In addition, the inhibitory effect of these strains on the pathogen was further studied. Colonization potential was measured by the capacity of the strains to adhere to and grow in turbot intestinal mucus. These parameters were also used to investigate the potential of V. anguillarum to amplify in the turbot intestinal tract. Because of the observed rapid growth of V. anguillarum in intestinal mucus, it can be proposed that the intestinal tract is a site for V. anguillarum multiplication. Strains isolated from the intestine showed greater capacity for adhesion to and growth in fish intestinal mucus than did the pathogen and the skin mucus isolates. All of the isolates released metabolites into the culture medium that had inhibitory effects against V. anguillarum. The results are discussed with emphasis on administering bacteria of host origin to farmed turbot in order to control V. anguillarum-induced disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Gas gangrene infections of the small intestine, colon and rectum.

Thirty-three cases of gas gangrene infections originating from the small bowel, colon, and rectum are reviewed. The distinction between localized and diffuse, spreading, types of infection is made. The overall mortality rate was 42.4% and mortality was highest for infections following elective bowel resections. Treatment consisted of antibiotics and surgical debridement, with hyperbaric oxygen used as adjunctive therapy for the more serious cases. The importance of early recognition of clostridial infection is stressed as the key to improved survival.

Adolescent↗