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PubMed1985

[Effect of sympathetic denervation on the outflow of intraocular fluid and the concentration of pyrocatechins in the fluids and tissues of the eye].

After removal of the supper cervical sympathetic ganglion in cats followed by increase of the intraocular pressure from 20 to 32 mm Hg, the outflow of intraocular fluid was sharply enhanced due to lowering tone of tissues of the eye drainage apparatus in the desympathised eye. Noradrenaline was found to reduce sharply by the 4th-5th day in the desympathised eye's tissues due to degenerative processes whereas accumulation of noradrenaline by the 6th-8th day occurred on account of humoral factors.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Research on antibodies anti toxoplasma gondii in intraocular fluids (Aqueous and vitreous humor) from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis, in the City of Belém, Pará State].

Tests were performed for antibodies IgG, IgM and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum and intraocular fluids (Aqueous and vitreous humor) from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. By the results obtained, it was verified that intraocular IgG and IgA anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies can be important markers for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Enzyme activities and protein concentration in the intraocular fluids of ten mammals.

An attempt was made to establish normal values for the total protein concentrations and the enzyme activities of LDH, MDH and PGI in the intraocular fluids of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, pigs, horses and humans. Remarkably little species differences were noted in 9 of the 10 mammals with vitreal enzyme activities falling into a narrow range between 8.4 U/l (PGI, horse) and 92.4 U/l (MDH, guinea pig). All species obeyed the sequence aqueous less than vitreous less than serum with exception of the rat, where vitreous activities surpassed serum at least two-fold. The very low enzyme activities in the aqueous and vitreous humors demand special precautions against contaminations which can either derive from post-mortem storage or inadequate sampling procedures. Conversely elevated enzyme activities could be used as probes for pathological processes or as a check for a clean preparation.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cathepsin A activity of normal bovine ocular tissues and pathological human intraocular fluids.

Cathepsin A activity assayed with N-Cbz-Phe-Ala, N-Cbz-Glu-Tyr and N-Cbz-Glu-Phe as substrates, was measured in fresh corneas, lenses, aqueous humor, vitreous humor and choroid plus retinal pigment epithelium taken from normal bovine eye balls and in human intraocular fluids from the eye balls in various ocular diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetes, intraocular tumors). Cathepsin A exhibited a pH optimum at 5.0 and showed the highest specificity towards N-Cbz-Phe-Ala as a substrate. In bovine ocular tissues high cathepsin A activity was found in the choroid plus retinal pigment epithelium and in cornea. The lens and the vitreous humor showed low enzyme activity and the aqueous humor none at all. In the human aqueous humor of the eye with cataract cathepsin A activity was more than three times higher then in the eye with choroid tumor. In human vitreous humor in absolute glaucoma the activity was twice as high as in melanoma and almost three times higher than in the case of lung metastatic tumor. Diabetes in glaucoma increased seven fold cathepsin A activity in the vitreous humor.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

A micromethod for the determination of iron and total iron-binding capacity in intraocular fluids and plasma using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.

A new micromethod (requiring only 30 microliters of sample) for the determination of iron (Fe) concentration and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in intraocular fluids (IOFs; aqueous and vitreous humors) and plasma has been developed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Values for Fe concentration in the IOFs were similar between species and were generally higher in the vitreous (0.031-0.060 mg/liter) than aqueous (0.014-0.038 mg/liter) humors obtained from the same eye. Plasma Fe concentration and TIBC fell within established limits for all species studied. The iron binding capacity of the aqueous and vitreous humors from the same species is similar. While the TIBC of the aqueous humor is saturated to the same extent as plasma, vitreous TIBC is more highly saturated in all species. Using this method considerably less species variation in IOF Fe concentration was found as compared to previous studies. Some possible methodological reasons for this difference are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Serologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluids in the diagnosis of infectious uveitis.

PURPOSE: Infectious uveitis entities are usually rapidly progressive blinding diseases that can be prevented by prompt administration of specific antimicrobial therapy. With the aim of improving early diagnosis in patients with infectious uveitis, intraocular fluid samples from patients with sight-threatening posterior uveitis were investigated to determine the causative agent. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and retinitis, eight immunosuppressed patients with retinitis, 16 immunocompetent patients with acute retinal necrosis, and 22 immunocompetent patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of herpesviruses and Toxoplasma gondii DNA and for local antibody production against these microorganisms. RESULTS: In patients with AIDS and retinitis, polymerase chain reaction was positive for cytomegalovirus DNA in 21 (91%) of the 23 ocular fluid samples obtained during active cytomegalovirus retinitis, whereas local antibody production analysis was negative in all cases. In acute retinal necrosis, varicella-zoster virus or herpes simplex virus could be established as the inciting agent in 81% of the cases, using the combination of both techniques. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in all samples obtained within two weeks after the onset of disease. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 4 of 13 samples (31%) from immuno-competent patients with active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis; in each case, local antibody production was also detected. In contrast, no local antibody production was observed in two of three samples from transplant recipients that were positive for T. gondii DNA. All the control samples tested were negative for the above-mentioned tests. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AIDS, polymerase chain reaction analysis is preferable above local antibody production in detecting the inciting agent of retinitis. In other cases, the combination of both techniques can make a valuable contribution to the diagnosis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1981

The effect of human intraocular fluid on vascular endothelial cell migration.

Several recent studies have demonstrated that vascular endothelial cell migration is an essential element of new blood vessel formation. We have recently developed an in vitro assay to study the effect of various substances on vascular endothelial cell migration. We now report the use of this assay to study the effect of human intraocular fluid on endothelial cell migration. We have found a good correlation between the presence of progressive retinal neovascularization in an eye and the ability of vitreous cavity fluid from that eye (obtained at the time of vitrectomy) to stimulate vascular endothelial cell migration in vitro.

Blood Vessels↗

PubMed2003

Polymerase chain reaction detection of Neisseria meningitidis in the intraocular fluid of a patient with endogenous endophthalmitis but without associated meningitis.

PURPOSE: To report a patient with Neisseria meningitidis endophthalmitis without associated meningitis with full visual recovery, with early detection of the microorganism using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational case report. PARTICIPANTS: One patient with endogenous endophthalmitis. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction analysis and culture of the intraocular fluid sample. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed with a universal (16S rRNA) primer set to detect bacterial DNA, and subsequently a specific probe was used to detect Neisseria species DNA. RESULTS: The 16S rRNA primers detected bacterial DNA, the specific probe detected Neisseria species DNA, and culture was positive for Neisseria meningitidis serotype C. CONCLUSIONS: A universal bacterial PCR can be very helpful for the diagnosis of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis at an early stage of the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of parasympathetic nervous system on hydrodynamics of intraocular fluids and distribution of electrolytes and amino acids.

Tonographic determinations Po and C), cannulation of the anterior chamber and measurements of the secreted aqueous humor volume by the method of posterior-anterior chamber perfusion with inulin solution were carried out in normal eyes, in eyes after parasympathetic denervation and during the action of a cholinergic neurotransmitter under the conditions of postdenervation hyperexcitability. Parasympathetic denervation of the eyeball was obtained by excision of the ciliary ganglion. Additonally, pharmacological blockade of the adrenergic neurons was applied. In the aqueous humor from the posterior and anterior chamber osmolality, as well as concentrations of sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium and total alpha-amino nitrogen were determined. The cholinergic effect on the volume of secreted aqueous humor and on the channels of its outflow was described. This effect was enhanced by the postdenervation hyperexcitability state, indicating a stimulating parasympathetic influence on the passage of electrolytes and amino acids into the intraocular fluids.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1986

Copper concentration in cornea, iris, normal, and cataractous lenses and intraocular fluids of vertebrates.

A method using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed for the determination of copper (Cu) concentration in the cornea, iris, and lens of a variety of species, including dog, cat, rabbit, horse, and toad. Previously described methods were used to determine Cu in aqueous and vitreous humor. There was little difference between copper levels in the same tissue or fluid across the species. However, there were age and pathology-related changes in Cu concentration of the aqueous humor, cornea, and lens. In the groups of older dogs, the Cu concentration of the aqueous humor and cornea is significantly lower than the two younger groups. In both the dog and rabbit, lenses from young animals have the lowest copper concentration which increases and then finally decreases with age. Canine hypermature cataracts have a significantly higher copper concentration than control dogs of all age groups. There was no correlation between Cu concentration in the intraocular fluids and the cataractous lenses taken from the same eye. The role such an increase in lenticular Cu concentration may play in cataractogenesis needs to be explored.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Distribution of salicylate in lens and intraocular fluids and its effect on cataract formation.

Retrospective studies on cataract development in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis revealed a retardant effect of aspirin on diabetic and non-diabetic cataracts. The effect of aspirin is dose-dependent. The correlation coefficient between years delay for various cataracts subcategories versus aspirin taken (in tablets per day X years of intake) was 0.69. The ocular pharmacokinetics of 14C acetylsalicylic acid or salicylate were determined after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration to rabbits. 14C acetylsalicylic acid penetrates rapidly into rabbit lens and aqueous humor after intravenous administration. After intraperitoneal administration, salicylate levels in rabbit plasma, similar to those of humans receiving four to six aspirin tablets (325 mg each), result in accumulation of salicylate by lens (mean +/- SD) of 405 +/- 72 mumoles/g and 620 +/- 30 mumoles/g at two and four hours, respectively. At those dosages, salicylate is cleared in 24 hours from rabbit plasma and intraocular fluids, but retained by lens. Penetration of salicylate into rabbit lens and rat lens is dose-dependent. The retardant aspirin effect in diabetic cataracts is linked to inhibition of tissue aldose reductase and lens protein glycosylation. Deceleration of galactose cataract formation in rats occurs after daily salicylate intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg a day.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probe hybridization to determine the Gram reaction of the infecting bacterium in the intraocular fluids of patients with endophthalmitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with DNA probe hybridization to determine the Gram reaction of the bacterium in intraocular specimens from patients with infectious endophthalmitis. METHODS: Fifty-seven intraocular specimens - 17 aqueous humor (AH) and 40 vitreous fluid (VF) - from 55 patients with clinically diagnosed infectious endophthalmitis and 25 control intraocular specimens from non-infectious ocular disorders (10 AH and 15 VF) were evaluated by microscopy, culture and PCR-DNA probe hybridization to detect the Gram reaction of the bacterium. RESULTS: PCR-DNA probe hybridization was specific and sensitive to detect 30 fg of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial DNA. None of the controls showed bacteria by microscopy, culture or PCR. Of the 57 intraocular specimens, conventional microbiological methods could detect a bacterial aetiology in 32 (56.1%), while PCR-DNA probe hybridization could detect 52 (91.2%) specimens. This difference was statistically significant (P= 0.003). In bacteriologically positive specimens, there was absolute correlation of the Gram reaction between the results of smear and culture methods and PCR-DNA probe hybridization. Of the 25 bacteriologically negative specimens, 20 (80%) were positive by PCR-DNA probe hybridization, of which seven (35%) were gram-positive, 12 (60%) gram-negative and one (5%) positive by both. Results of PCR on AH and VF were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: PCR and DNA probe hybridization to determine the Gram reaction of the bacterium in intraocular fluids is a specific and sensitive method in the diagnosis of bacterial endophthalmitis. AH is an ideal specimen for PCR, since its collection is a simple and safe office procedure.

Aqueous Humor↗

PubMed1993

[Bacteriological study of the intraocular fluid at the end of cataract surgery].

The authors studied bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber during extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. A first study was conducted to determine the rate of contamination of anterior chamber aspirates, before surgery, in 46 patients undergoing cataract extraction. A second study concerned 200 patients undergoing extracapsular extraction with posterior chamber lens. Anterior chamber fluid was aspirated at the end of surgery, and inoculated into blood culture bottles. Bacteriological results were positive in 11 cases, and were compared with conjunctival smears. The way in which aqueous humor was aspirated and inoculated is described. The bacteriological method was tested with a small inoculum of bacteria. Bacteriological study of intraocular fluid at the end of cataract surgery might be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Analysis of comparative immunological profiles of intraocular fluid and serum samples in patients suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis].

High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma and Toxocara spp. in populations of children and adults in Poland constitutes a significant risk of supradiagnosed parasitic eye infections. We described the clinical characteristics in relation to the analysis of comparative immunological profiles of T. gondii-specific antibodies in aqueous humour and serum samples in patients with reactivated retinochoroiditis, and of Toxocara spp. ones in cases with posterior granuloma, fibrotic and calcified tumor-like masses simulating retinoblastoma, detected by ophthalmoscopy and echography. Intraocular synthesis of specific IgG antibodies was detected in anterior eye chamber fluid in 1/2 and 2/3 of patients respectively, strongly suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis or toxocarosis. The evidence of a local production of specific antibodies in intraocular fluid shown by the Western blot seems to be a valuable immunodiagnostic method for a final confirmation of eye lesions of parasitic origin and crucial in the choice of an appropriate treatment regimen.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied