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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Effect of ioglycamide (Biligram) on bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in man.

Twenty-one anicteric patients with a t-tube in situ were studied between the ninth and 11th postoperative days. Eleven patients were given an intravenous infusion of the biliary contrast agent ioglycamide (Biligram), while the other 10 acted as controls. Bile flow was recorded and the biliary concentrations of ioglycamide, bile salt, phospholipid, and cholesterol estimated in the two groups. The biliary excretion of ioglycamide was associated with a significant choleresis which was probably due to the obligatory coupling of the osmotically active contrast agent molecules with water. Biliary ioglycamide excretion did not significantly alter bile salt secretion rates. In contrast, the biliary secretion of both phospholipid and cholesterol was significantly lowered (P less than 0.001). Unlike chenodeoxycholic acid, ioglycamide significantly reduced bile acid independent cholesterol secretion (P less than 0.01), although secretion rate in terms of mumol of bile acid was essentially unchanged.

Bile↗
PubMed1977

[Pharmacokinetics and plasma albumen binding of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin), iodoxic acid (Endomirabil) and ioglycamine (Biligram) (author's transl)].

Pharmacokinetic data after injection of the new cholegraphic contrast medium iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) in man are reported and compared with the results of injections of ioglycamate and iodoxic acid. Iotroxic acid is less completely bound to plasma proteins than ioglycamate, but significancy more so than iodoxamate. Plasma protein binding depends on contrast concentration in the plasma, as does excretion in the urine. Biliary transport rate and maximal iodine concentration in the gall bladder are higher after injections of iotroxinate and iodoxamate than after ioglycamate.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1975

[Mechanisms of bile secretion in mini-pigs (author's transl)].

The mechanisms of bile excretion are investigated in 27 experiments in 21 mini-pigs. The results confirm the known three fractions of bile flow for mini-pigs, too: a canalicular bile acid dependent, a canalicular bile acid independent and a ductular bile acid independent bile flow. These different fractions of bile flow may be stimulated either by taurocholate, by phenobarbital and ioglycamide or by secretin and pancreozymin. The total bile acid pool amounts 4,4 mMol. Measurements of its distribution over the gallbladder and the enterohepatic circulation after fasting for 18-24 hours emphasize the importance of the gallbladder resp. the fasting as factors that may be responsible for the secretion of lithogenic bile.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Iotroxamide--a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. Comparison with iodipamide and the effect of bile salts.

The maximum biliary excretion rate of iotroxamide was found to be significantly greater than that of iodipamide in bile-fistula dogs. High bile salt excretion rates had no effect on the rate of biliary excretion of either compound, but the choleresis associated with greater bile salt excretion reduced the biliary concentration of both agents. Both are potent choleretics, stimulating about 23.5 ml of bile per mmole of contrast agent excreted in bile. This obligatory coupling of the contrast agents with water as they are excreted in bile imposes a limit on the maximum concentration that can be achieved in bile. Since iotroxamide is excreted more rapidly in bile than iodipamide for any equimolar plasma concentration, it may be a superior contrast agent for intravenous cholangiography.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Pharmacology of iotroxic acid, a new intravenous cholangiographic agent. II. Experimental animal study of side effects].

The general, neural and cardiovascular tolerance of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) and its deleterious effect on membranes were investigated in comparison with iodipamic- (Biligrafin), ioglycamic- (Biligram, Bilivistan) und iodoxamic acids in different experimental models. Tolerance (DL50) of iotroxic acid after i.v. injection in the rat proved to be significantly better than that of all the reference substances. The difference was most apparent in animals which had previously been given histamine. Neural tolerance was found to be best after iotroxic acid and iodipamic acid and poorest after iodoxamic acid. In in vitro investigations the erythrocyte membranes were far less damaged by iodoxamic acid and iotroxic acid than by iodipamic acid. Iotroxic acid was also particularly well tolerated after intracisternal injection and after injection into the carotid artery of the rat. The effect of iotroxic acid on the cardiovascular system of the cat was distinctly weaker than that of ioglycamic acid and, when given in high doses, evidently also weaker than that after administration of iodoxamic acid. The excellent general tolerance of iotroxic acid can be explained by the fact that its deleterious effect on membranes is less than that of iodipamic acid and that its neurotoxicity is distinctly lower than that of iodoxamic acid.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of ioglycamide on the hepatic transport of bilirubin and its mono- and diconjugates in the rat.

Bilirubin seems to share the biliary excretion pathway with other organic anions, but not with bile acids. We studied the effects of the organic anion ioglycamide, an iodinated contrast agent, on bilirubin metabolism in Wistar rats. This compound does not undergo conjugation and is characterized by a maximal biliary secretory rate (Tm). The results show that in spite of producing a 3-fold increase in bile flow, ioglycamide excretion under Tm conditions decreased the output of unconjugated bilirubin and its monoconjugate by approximately 90%. Diconjugated bilirubin decreased by only 50% and became by far the predominant pigment in bile (86.5 +/- 6.0% of total pigment vs. 61.0 +/- 4.0% in basal conditions, n = 12). Unconjugated and monoconjugated bilirubins changed in parallel suggesting that the former arises from the monoconjugates. In serum, diconjugated bilirubin augmented from trace amounts to 1.15 +/- 0.17 mumole per liter. Total conjugated pigments in serum increased from 5 to 85% of total bilirubin. Bile acid output remained unchanged. Pretreatment of rats with ioglycamide altered neither the activity of bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase nor the ratio of diconjugate to monoconjugate formed at both low (25 microM) and high (164 microM) bilirubin concentrations. The observed biological effects of ioglycamide were dose-dependent and fully reversible. We suggest that ioglycamide interferes with the excretion of conjugated bilirubins ("bilirubinostasis"). The monoconjugates retained in the hepatocyte might then undergo more efficient transformation to diconjugates, the latter thus becoming the most important bile pigments in serum and bile.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ioglycamide acid (Bilivistan) low-dose drip-infusion cholangiography.

Fifty-five anicteric patients with acute upper abdominal pain were examined with low-dose drip-infusion cholangiography using ioglycamide acid (17 ml Bilivistan, 280 mg I/ml) given over two hours. Good visualization of the biliary system was achieved and no adverse effects were recorded. There was good agreement between the cholangiographic diagnostic and the peroperative findings. No false negative findings were disclosed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[On the mechanisms of biliary excretion of the biliary contrast medium ioglycamide in the mini-pig with special regard of the importance of the bile flow (author's transl)].

16 experiments were performed in order to investigate the mechanisms of biliary excretion of Ioglycamide in the mini-pig. The results confirm the mechanisms known from other species for this experimental animal. Additionally, however, they demonstrate a significant linear correlation between the spontaneous bile flow and the biliary transport-maximum of Ioglycamide. It is concluded that this correlation is due to the fact that the bile flow as well as the transport-maximum represent independent parameters of the excretory capacity of the liver cells. This conclusion is supported by further experiments that were unable to show an improvement of the biliary transport-maximum of Ioglycamide by stimulation of the bile flow during infusions of bile acids and secretin. These results prove the impossibility to enhance the biliary excretion of Ioglycamide by stimulation of bile flow. This, however, indicates that it is possible to dilute or concentrate the biliary Ioglycamide concentration by induced variations of bile flow, a fact that might become important to improve the efficiency of i.v. cholegraphy.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of taurocholate on canine bile flow, biliary excretion and concentration of ioglycamide.

The bile acid taurocholate increases the biliary excretion of organic anions, such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP), bilirubin and iopanoic acid. In the present study has been investigated the effect of taurocholate on 1. Canine biliary excretion and concentration of the i.v. contrast medium ioglycamide and 2. Canine bile flow. The experimental model consisted of cholecystectomized, anaesthetized dogs with a fistula, through which the common bile duct could be catheterized and drained. One hour after cannulation, i.v. infusion of ioglycamide at a rate of 4 mumol/min./kg. was started. Two hours after the infusion start a control group received i.v. infusion of saline, while in another a 1.5% sodium taurocholate infusion was started with stepwise increases with 30 min. intervals from 0.4 to 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mumol/min./kg. Compared with control, all rates of taurocholate infusion increased bile flow and decreased biliary ioglycamide concentration. Although the bile flow with increasing taurocholate infusion rates was enhanced, the biliary ioglycamide excretion did not increase. The results indicate that ioglycamide and taurocholate are excreted into bile by separate excretion mechanisms. As taurocholate increases the biliary excretion of some other organic anions, it supports the hypothesis that organic anions are excreted into bile by more than two excretion mechanisms, taurocholate affecting only some of them.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Improvement of biliary excretion of ioglycamide by pretreatment with phenobarbital.

The influence of a phenobarbital pretreatment on the distribution and biliary excretion of Ioglycamide was studied in 6 experiments in the anaesthetized minipig. The phenobarbital pretreatment led to a significant increase of the biliary transportmaximum and the biliary concentration of Ioglycamide. A detailed analysis suggests a phenobarbital induced stimulation of the hepatocellular excretion. The applicability of a pretreatment with phenobarbital in order to improve the opacification of the biliary system during x-ray-examinations with Ioglycamide is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effect of atropine on canine bile flow and biliary excretion of ioglycamate.

The effect of atropine on the bile flow and biliary excretion of ioglycamate, a biliary contrast medium, was studied on four anesthetized mongrel dogs equipped with a Thomas cannula through which the common bile duct was cannulated. With an infusion rate of 2 microgram/kg/min atropine sulphate decreased bile flow significantly. At the same time, the biliary concentration of ioglycamate was significantly increased. The biliary output of ioglycamate did not change during atropine infusion. The present study suggests that in this experimental model atropine decreases the bile flow but does not affect the excretion of ioglycamate.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pharmacology and physiology of the biliary radiographic contrast materials.

(1) Solubilization of Telepaque in the intestine is a limiting factor in the rate of intestinal absorption. Bilopaque and Oragrafin are more water-soluble and appear to be better absorbed than Telepaque. (2) Bile salts in the intestinal lumen increase the solubility of Telepaque. Therefore, a fatty meal administered with the Telepaque is desirable to evacuate bile salts from the gallbladder into the intestine. This is not required for the more water-soluble agents, Biopaque and Oragrafin. (3) The degree of protein binding of the contrast agents can be related to the degree of toxicity. Cholografin is the most highly bound and is the most toxic. (4) Hepatic receptor proteins may specifically bind the biliary contrast agents. This may be the reason that the renal contrast materials are poorly escreted in bile compared to the biliary contrast agents. (5) Telepaque is conjugated in the liver with glucuronide making the compound more soluble in bile. This prevents precipitation of Telepaque in the gallbladder and avoids reabsorpiton from the intestine. (6) The biliary excretion of Telepaque is facilitated by bile salts. Therefore, the administration of a fatty meal with Telepaque not only increases the rate of intestinal absorption of Telepaque but also the rate of biliary excretion. (7) The rate of biliary excretion of both the oral and the intravenous contrast agents appears to be limited by a hepatic transport maximum. Above a certain dose, increased amounts of the contrast agents do not result in more rapid excretion of the agents into bile. Rapid infusion of intravenous contrast agents results in high plasma concentration and greater urinary excretion, without increasing the biliary excretion. It does not appear to be indicated in clinical practice. (8) The biliary concentration of the contrast agents used for intravenous cholangiography is determined by their rate of biliary excretion, the choleretic effect of the contrast agent, and factors that determine the rate of basal bile flow. Fixed coupling of water with the biliary excretion of these contrast agents imposes an inherent limitation on the concentration of the contrast agent in bile. It appears that the biliary concentration of the intravenous contrast materials can be increased by having the patient fast prior to intravenous cholangiography. This decreases the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and the rate of bile-salt-dependent bile flow. (9) Failure of the gallbladder to visualize after administration of Telepaque when there is adequate biliary excretion may be due to cystic duct obstruction, failure of the inflamed gallbladder mucosa to reabosrb water, or reabsorption or the contrast agent by the diseased gallbladder mucosa. (10) Maximum concentration of Telepaque occurs at 14-19 hr after ingestion. It is at this time that radiographs of the gallbladder should be made. With Bilopaque, peak concentration occurs at 10 hr so radiographs can be made earlier when Bilopaque is used.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Iotroxamide studies in man--biliary iodine levels following bolus injection and slow infusion. Comparison with ioglycamide.

The concentration of iodine in the bile of patients with indwelling T-tubes has been measured following administration of the new cholangiographic agent Iotroxamide. Studies have been performed after administration of the contrast agent by both 10 min bolus injection and 1 h drip infusion techniques. Comparison has been made with the iodine concentrations obtained after administration of equimolar amounts of Ioglycamide. There was no significant difference in the biliary iodine levels obtained with the two methods of administration when Iotroxamide was the contrast agent employed. However, with Ioglycamide the slow infusion technique produced higher iodine levels than the bolus injection method (P less than 0.05). Comparison between the two agents reveals that, whichever administration technique is used, Iotroxamide provides higher iodine levels than Ioglycamide. After bolus injection the superiority for Iotroxamide is in the region of 20% and after slow infusion is of the order of 10--15%. It is concluded that Iotroxamide is likely to prove superior to Ioglycamide as a cholangiographic agent. In terms of opacification of the biliary tree there is little to choose between bolus injection and slow infusion techniques when using Iotroxamide and the relative toxicity of the two techniques should be the major factor in determining which method is employed in clinical practice.

Bile↗