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PubMed2026

Genomic epidemiology of coxsackievirus A24 variant during the 2024 acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in Coastal Kenya.

Several African countries experienced a surge in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) cases in 2024. Investigations in Kenya, Mayotte (an Indian Ocean island) and Tanzania identified coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) as the causative agent. To date, however, limited genomic data exist to elucidate the sources, epidemiology, and evolution of CVA24v in Africa. We generated 245 CVA24v genomes from samples collected between January and September 2024 in coastal Kenya, representing the largest outbreak CVA24v genomic data set available globally. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses belonged to genotype IV, falling into two major clusters that differed by 52 nucleotide and five amino acid changes, and with an inter-species recombination event involving another enterovirus in the 3Dpol gene. Notably, the Kenyan sequences clustered closely with contemporaneous Africa (2024) sequences, specifically Mayotte and Malawi, reflecting a regionally connected CVA24v outbreak, but were distinct from those sampled previously in Asia in 2023, with phylodynamic analysis revealing that the Most Recent Common Ancestor of Kenyan sequences existed between June and October 2023. In summary, this study provides the first detailed genomic analysis of CVA24v from Africa to inform future surveillance and control strategies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

Blood parasites of some birds from Kenya, Tanzania and Zaire.

A total of 647 birds of 146 species representing 41 families from localities in Kenya, Tanzania and Zaire were examined for blood parasites. A total of 242 (37.2%) birds harbored either single or multiple infections of Haemoproteus (16%), Leucocytozoon (14%), Plasmodium (5.4%), Trypanosoma (1.7%), microfilaria (2.9%) or a variety of babesioids and haemogregarines (4.3%). Occurrence of blood parasites was greatest in Zaire and least in Kenya; the occurrence of the different genera varied markedly between areas and between bird families.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Retrospective study of carcinoma of the esophagus in Kenya.

A clinical, radiological, histological, and geographical study of carcinoma of the esophagus in Kenya is reported. It was found that this cancer is diagnosed more often in males than in females, with a ration of 8:1 (Kenya Cancer Registry). The most common age in males and females is 50 to 59 years. The regions of the esophagus most commonly involved are the middle and lower thirds, in almost equal proportions. An unexplained tendency for the tumor to be poorly differentiated towards the lower third is noted. In addition a review on the possible etiological factors is presented.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

New studies of post-Pleistocene human skeletal remains from the Rift Valley, Kenya.

Prehistoric human crania from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, Makalia Burial Site, Nakuru, and other localities in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya are reassessed using measurements and a multivariate statistical approach. Materials available for comparison include series of Bushman and Hottentot crania. South and East African Negroes, and Egyptians. Up to 34 cranial measurements taken on these series are utilized to construct three multiple discriminant frameworks, each of which can assign modern individuals to a correct group with considerable accuracy. When the prehistoric crania are classified with the help of these discriminants, results indicate that several of the skulls are best grouped with modern Negroes. This is especially clear in the case of individuals from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, and Nakuru, and the evidence hardly suggests post-Pleistocene domination of the Rift and surrounding territory by "Mediterranean" Caucasoids, as has been claimed. Recent linguistic and archaeological findings are also reviewed, and these seem to support application of the term Nilotic Negro to the early Rift populations.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1975

New hominids from East Rudolf, Kenya, I.

Important new hominid fossils from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include: a partial, adult cranium with most of the calvaria and some of the facial skeleton preserved; a complete right femur; and bones of a single left lower limb--femur and upper and lower parts of the tibia and a small portion of fibula. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published later.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The incidence of red-green colourblindness in the populations of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in Libya, and of the Kikuyu, Kamba, Taita, Taveta and Luo tribes of Kenya.

The results of surveys of colourblindness carried out using the Ishihara test cards in Libya and Kenya, involving 384 and 504 individuals respectively, are reported. The Libyan samples, drawn from three geographically distinct regions of the country, are relatively homogeneous. The Kenyan samples, on the other hand, are heterogeneous, but in toto they display a markedly lower colourblindness percentage than do the Libyans. The Kenyan data are in broad accord with the other data available for sub-Saharan African populations. There are very few sets of comparative data available for North African populations, but the Libyan material displays a lower incidence of colourblindness than the values reported in European populations.

Color Vision Defects↗

PubMed1975

Cancer of asians in kenya.

The frequency of various cancers among Indian immigrants in Kenya was compared to corresponding data among native Africans and Indians in the regions of India from which most of the studied population originally migrated. The Kenyan Indians do not have the cancer pattern of their home country nor do they have the cancer pattern of indigenous Africans. They have instead, like Europeans and North Americans, a higher risk of cancer of the lung, breast and the large intestine. It is suggested that this is related to enbironmental factors and variations in living habits.

Female↗

PubMed1978

The isolation of a Bwamba virus variant from man in Western Kenya.

A bwamba group virus was isolated from the blood of a febrile child on the Kano Plain, Kenya. The isolate (NY-45), closely resembling Bwamba, established infection in both Anopheles gambiae and Mansonia uniformis. Neither the Bwamba nor the Pongola prototype strains grew in both species. In gel-diffusion tests NY-45 virus passaged through mosquitoes exhibited a line of identity with Pongola antiserum. In contrast no cross-reaction was observed with NY-45 virus which had not previously been passaged through mosquitoes.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

A preliminary investigation into the control of trichostrongylosis in calves in Kenya.

A series of 3 grazing experiments was carried out to collect data relevant for designing techniques to prevent trichostrongylosis in dairy calves in Kenya. In the first experiment 1 week in/5 weeks out rotation was compared with set stocking. The results indicated that rotation is not an effective control measure. In the second experiment the effects of daily removal of faeces from the field were investigated. This practice also had a limited effect in controlling nematode infection in calves. The third experiment concentrated on the influence of nutrition level. It was shown that feeding level does affect the growth rate but its effect on the course of the egg output was not clear-cut. The results also indicated that the dry season greatly reduces herbage infestation.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1979

Studies on the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in sheep and goats in Kenya.

The epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-infested range area of Kenya was studied for 2 years in various breeds of sheep and goats. Observations, including infection rates, PCV, temperature and weight loss indicated that the exotic breeds were more susceptible to natural trypanosomal infection than the indigenous breeds and that the infection may be severely debilitating and in many cases fatal. Observations of tsetse numbers and rainfall in the grazing area during the first year showed that there was a significant correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall of the previous month. The increase in tsetse numbers, which occurred one month after substantial rainfall, was followed by an increase in the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the animals. However, during the second year when rainfall was low there was no correlation between tsetse numbers and rainfall. It was concluded that the seasonal incidence of trypanosomiasis and the possible trypanotolerance of the indigenous breeds are important factors to be considered when initiating a small stock improvement programme for trypanosomiasis-endemic areas.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A mycoplasma from acute contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya.

A mycoplasma was isolated from acute caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. The organism could be differentiated serologically from the known strains of mycoplasma with which it was compared. When the organism was inoculated into goats it caused pleuropneumonia which was readily contagious, and from which the organism could be reisolated.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Arbovirus isolations from, and serological studies on, wild and domestic vertebrates from Kano Plain, Kenya.

Arbovirus infection and presence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in small mammals, birds and livestock were examined over a period of five years on the Kano Plain in western Kenya. Eleven isolations were made from mammals and birds. The viruses were identified as Arumowot and Germiston while three different agents could not be shown to be related to 188 African arboviruses. Prevalence of antibodies against arboviruses suspected of occurring in the area was generally low.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMed1977

Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes: Kano Plain, Kenya.

Arbovirus isolation attempts on 324,486 mosquitoes captured over a four-year period on the Kano Plain, Kenya, yielded 15 isolates including Pongola (six strains), Ilesha (three strains), Germiston (two strains), Sindbis (one strain), Barur (one strain) and two viruses which could not be characterized. Mansonia uniformis, Anopheles gambiae and Culex antennatus constituted 70% of the total collection and accounted for all of the isolates except one, which came from Anopheles funestus.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Anaemia and Schistosoma haematobium infection in the North-Eastern Province of Kenya.

The haemoglobin levels of 787 Somali people in north-eastern Kenya were measured. Severe anaemia was very common in both sexes of all ages. Possible causative factors are discussed. Adolescent boys had particularly low haemoglobin values (in one area 43% had levels below 8 g/dl) and this was related to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Such a clear relationshiop has not been shown before.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya.

A case of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a non-immune male is reported. Primary attack came 19 days after return to a non-malarious country from a visit to Kenya. Recrudescences occurred three times with intervals of 30 to 33 days after standard chloroquine treatment. The WHO extended field test for sensitivity of falciparum malaria to chloroquine was followed by recrudescence 31 days later. Treatment with Fansidar terminated the infection. If continuous treatment of the patient with lithium does not interfere with the schizontocidal action of chloroquine, this strain shows a resistance pattern of R I delayed recrudescence.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Tuberculosis in Kenya: follow-up of the second (1974) national sampling survey and a comparison with the follow-up data from the first (1964) national sampling survey. An East African and British Medical Research Council co-operative investigation.

A total of 1,490 newly diagnosed patients admitted to a national sampling survey of tuberculosis conducted in 11 of 30 districts in Kenya in 1974 have been followed up after a year under the routine tuberculosis treatment services. The results are reported and compared with those observed in the follow-up of a similar survey in the same districts 10 years previously. The main follow-up concerns 1,351 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 803 had a positive culture at the start of treatment, 283 a negative culture, and 265 had no specimen examined. At 1 year or later, 57% of the 1,351 patients were culture negative, 8% were culture positive, 16% had died in the year of follow-up, 5% were permanently lost from observation and 14%, although known to be alive, had no bacteriological results. Of the 803 patients with a positive culture initially, 11% had a positive culture at 1 year or later, as had 3% of the 283 with a negative culture initially. The policies of therapy practised in the routine treatment services were studied in 1,207 patients; 95% were admitted to hospital at the start of chemotherapy for an average duration of 39 days, 95% were prescribed isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by a course of streptomycin, the average duration of which was 36 days. There was little variation in the policies applied in different district. Only 24% of the patients received or attended to collect a 12 months' supply of chemotherapy and 72% a 6 months' supply. The therapeutic results achieved in 1974 compare favourably with those observed in the 1964 survey. The estimated culture negativity rate at 1 year or later for the patients who had bacteriologically confirmed disease initially was 63% in the earlier survey and 71% in the 1974 survey. The proportion of patients lost from observation was 9% in 1964 and 5% in 1974. The policies of therapy were much more standardised in the second survey. In 1964 hospital admission, its duration and the usage of streptomycin varied considerably from district to district, but in the second survey nearly all of the patients were admitted to hospital and received the nationally recommended regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone supplemented initially by streptomycin. Even so, the duration of chemotherapy received did not improve, only 28% in 1964 and 24% in 1974 receiving a 12 months' and 74% in 1964 and 72% in 1974 receiving a 6 months' supply. The transfer of patients from one district to another was more often successful in 1974 than 1964.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Hycanthone dose-response in Schistosoma mansoni infection in Kenya.

The recommended doses of the drugs now used to cure schistosomiasis mansoni may be associated with toxic side-effects. Since Schistosoma mansoni does not multiply in the human host and the disease seems to be closely associated with the intensity of infection, it may not be necessary to use 100% lethal antischistosomal doses, particularly in endemic areas. A dose-response to the antischistosomal drug, hycanthone was established for three different doses in 169 patients with heavy S. mansoni infections in the Machakos district of Kenya. The highest dose used (1.5 mg/kg or half the recommended package-insert dose) resulted in a 96% decrease in egg output (equivalent ot death of the worms); 0.75 mg/kg in an 85% decrease; and 0.375 mg/kg in an 11% decrease one month after treatment. In contrast to the vomiting common with the package-insert dose (3.0 mg/kg), there were no side-effects with any of the lower doses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

A survey of Nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats, wild ruminants and rodents within Kenya.

The distribution of antibody to Nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in Kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. No antibody to the virus was found in rodent sera and while some low titres were found in some wild ruminant sera, these were considered to be most likely cross reactions with antibody to related viruses.

Animal Population Groups↗