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Modern data are reviewed on isolation procedures and properties of superoxide dismutase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Properties of superoxide dismutase (SOD) from yeast and SOD from macro-organisms were compared.
Modern ideas about the role of the carbonyl-amine reaction in biochemical systems are reviewed. Some details recently found of the mechanisms of the initial steps of the reactions are considered. The pathways of the formation of numerous by-products are discussed which are very important for taste and aroma of some foodstuffs. Data are presented on nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins in living organisms, which causes disturbances in their vital functions, diseases and aging. Possible chemical structures of "links" between sugars and protein polypeptide chains, as well as nucleic acids derived from glycosylation are considered. References concerning properties of melanoidins are presented.
Modern data on types, physico-chemical properties, physiological role of copper-containing amine oxidase of blood vessels are reviewed. Properties of lysyl oxidase--specific copper-containing amine oxidase--are described. Importance of the enzyme for normal functions of connective tissue as well as alterations in the enzymatic activity under various pathological conditions are discussed. At the same time, properties and physiological functions of another copper-containing amine oxidase of blood vessels, which uses polyamines as substrate, are considered. Effect of the copper levels on content of polyamines in body is discussed.
Modern manufacture and materials have made needle breakage rare, but not impossible. Retrieval of the needle fragment may be helped by various localizing techniques. The authors outline and discuss these techniques, and describe the successful removal of a fractured needle from the pterygomandibular space.
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In this study, the modern literature concerning the classification and the incidence of supernumerary teeth and specificly premolars, is reviewed. Extensive reference is given to the aetiology and pathogeny of the existence of supernumerary teeth and the main theories that have been stated until now are described. The diagnostic problems that may result from these are discussed, as well as the methods and ways of their early detection. The unfavourable complications, the prognosis and the treatment of supernumeraries and specificly premolars are described. Finally, the radiografic findings of 10 cases of supernumerary premolars of ours are presented. A statistical analysis concerning sex, morphology, localization, impaction and bilateral presence of supernumerary premolars, that was conducted for the set consisting of these 10 cases and 50 others, that where obtained from the literature, is also presented.
Since antiquity, the exemplum can be proven in numerous types of texts, as it fulfills a notable didactic and rhetorical function: On the one hand it serves to a deductive illustration of common doctrines; on the other it is until the Enlightenment the scientific basis of cognition: in the view of medieval artistotelists, of who FRANCIS BACON was (in a special sense) one of the last champions, the exemplum takes on an inductive function: the sensual perception of the exampla generates the understanding of the universal, as the exemplum always refers to the exemplar, to the original form. Regarding the eminent deductive/inductive significance of the exempla, it is not surprising that they are an essential factor in dietetic literature. Whereas such exemples were very rare in the general literature on health care written by physicians and in specific papers of old-age assistance, they formed an integral part of texts composed for a large public by medical laymen such as (Ps.-) ROGER BACON, MARSILIO FICINO, ALVISE CORNARO or FRANCIS BACON. In these studies, the issue of a natural limit of human life was discussed intensively. In this context the "historical" sources were of high importance, even if, from a todays point of view, their use was completely non-historical. Often their crude instrumentalization and new interpretations can only be understood in the scholarly context of the time: E.g. in debates of specialists with outsiders or when serving as argument for physiological theories and therapeutical regimes. Not until late Renaissance, the historical exemple was replaced by the individual experience. It is striking that most of all historical exemples found in dietetic papers were positive. This humanistic and Christian ideal concept of old age, which completely contradicts the medical reality, had obviously a stronger fascination on the authors of early modern times than the inductive function of negative exempla (which are very important for a rational reasoning). Besides the scientific exemple, it is the idealizing one which, in the dietetic texts, gradually assumes the moral function of not discouraging the often aged readers, but of encouraging them to a constructive way of living.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
There are many works in modern literature, which are devoted to disability problems but, unfortunately, they are fragmentary. Comparatively few works are devoted to the studies of the influence of sociohygienic factors on the level of disability among the population. That is why it is necessary to conduct complex sociohygienic surveys aimed at studying disability trends. The data of these studies permit one to work out measures aimed at reducing disability and to substantiate the ways of its prevention.
This paper describes and introduces lesbians' lives and the relevant research in China's Mainland. The first part shows the slow development of lesbian culture in the form of literature, films and documentaries. Although lesbians' lives were reflected more or less in modern literature, the "true" lesbian novel was published only recently. Relevant films and documentaries were never shown to the public in China. Lesbian culture is still unevenly developed and remains negligible. The first part also describes lesbian research in the field of literature, psychiatry and sociology. The relevant research in literature is relatively systematic and rich, while that in psychiatry is fraught with discrimination and that in sociology is relatively weak. The second part presents the observation and analysis of lesbian Internet communities. It deals with lesbians' self-identity, role differentiation, sentiments and sexuality. Among them, role differentiation plays an important part in lesbians' lives though few researchers have studied it. Most lesbian organizations founded on the strength of Internet communication lack experience and resources and have little influence on the masses. Some lesbians are accepted by the public, but in return, they compromise to some popular values. This is extremely disadvantageous to those who are unwilling to give in. At the end of the paper, the first author expresses her future plan that she will continue her study on lesbian culture under the help of Internet observation and various activities. doi:10.1300/J155v10n03_08.
In 1906, Alzheimer presented the first case of the disease which was later named Alzheimer's disease by Kraeplin. While the publication on this case in 1907 is only a relatively short communication, Alzheimer published a very comprehensive paper in 1911 in which he discussed the concept of the disease in detail. This publication focusses on the report of a second patient suffering from Alzheimer's disease, the case of Johann F. The detection of neurohistopathological sections from this patient found among archives at the Institute of Neuropathology of the University of Munich enabled us to reinvestigate this case using modern methods. Neurohistopathologically, the case of Johann F. is "plaque-only" Alzheimer's disease. There is a controversy in the modern literature as to whether these "plaque-only" cases belong to the modern concept of Alzheimer's disease. A careful analysis of all pros and contras in the literature led to the conclusion that plaque-only cases are also an integrative part of the modern Alzheimer disease concept.
The aim of the study is to describe and analyze beliefs and experiences of mental health care workers within Swedish psychiatric care prior to the introduction of neuroleptics in the early 1950s. The sources are narratives taken from interviews with nurses who worked in Swedish psychiatric care prior to 1953, works of fiction, and contemporary professional literature. The narratives are discussed from the perspective of modern literature on fear. A number of themes on fear recur in various permutations. The first encounter with the mentally ill was associated with fear. The physical environment, the regulations and the procedures all sent messages about the potential risks. The choice of psychiatric care as a professional sphere and professional pride alike seem grounded in self-efficacy to overcome fear. Tall tales and professional literature told of irrational and unpredictable violence among the mentally ill, thus inspiring fear. Violence did occur, but the fear seemed out of proportion to the nurses. The narratives give examples of strategies for dealing with fear, including use of restraints and procedures designed to gain control over dangerous objects and situations. The nurses considered it important to be able to rely on co-workers and call for help when necessary. Violence was seen as a consequence of the patient role, where patients lived up to expectations of dangerousness, and nurses tried to develop body language that signalled non-violence, using older colleagues as role models. Psychological strategies, such as denial of fear or attempts to assimilate fear, are also described. The ability to hide one's fear as a prerequisite for warding off violence and the ability to socialize with the mentally ill in a positive manner, are recurring themes in both fiction and contemporary professional literature. The statements are understood as expressions of a normative professional identity in dialogue with the message of fear in psychiatric hospitals. Implicit or unconscious beliefs about fear are discussed. These include socially learned fear about women's helplessness and need for protection. Fear of physical violence may be related to fear of being put in situations that may entail a threat to one's self image and the authority associated with nurses' professional identity.
The authors describe one case of Lycanthropy and revise the literature about this theme. They observe that Lycanthropy has received scant attention in the modern literature, but appears to have survived into modern times. In some cases the patient (as a Delusion) has the belief that he has been transformed into an animal. In other cases there appears only what seems to be behaviour of an animal. About the first group, the authors make a phenomenological analysis and present a clinical case of Lycanthropic delusion.
This paper presents and explains an early clinical discussion of the case of a young nobleman who had developed a severe speech impediment associated with anxiety. The discussion was written by the famous Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis, in consultation with the renowned surgeon Gaspar Tagliacozzi, probably in the late 1580s. The case had first come to the attention of Dr. Pio Enea Caprili, who wrote to Mercurialis for an opinion. It has not heretofore been cited in the modern literature on communication disorders. The document is placed in its intellectual context and modern analogues are cited. Mercurialis' discussion belongs to a highly developed tradition of language study in medicine and natural philosophy that goes back to ancient Greece and deserves to be better known. A brief survey of late 16th century literature on voice and speech is provided in an appendix.
The present work proposes a computer assisted methodology for the effective modelling of the diagnostic decision for breast tumor malignancy. The suggested approach is based on innovative hybrid computational intelligence algorithms properly applied in related cytological data contained in past medical records. The experimental data used in this study were gathered in the early 1990s in the University of Wisconsin, based in post diagnostic cytological observations performed by expert medical staff. Data were properly encoded in a computer database and accordingly, various alternative modelling techniques were applied on them, in an attempt to form diagnostic models. Previous methods included standard optimisation techniques, as well as artificial intelligence approaches, in a way that a variety of related publications exists in modern literature on the subject. In this report, a hybrid computational intelligence approach is suggested, which effectively combines modern mathematical logic principles, neural computation and genetic programming in an effective manner. The approach proves promising either in terms of diagnostic accuracy and generalization capabilities, or in terms of comprehensibility and practical importance for the related medical staff.
Duplication of notochord results in rare congenital anomalies like double headed monsters, with or without trunk/limb duplication, depending upon the extent of notochordal abnormality. Here we describe the morphological abnormalities in a case of partial duplication of cranial structures with fusion of the two. Autopsy findings suggest that the bifurcation of the neural tube took place around 4th to 6th week of gestation. There are only few reports in English literature describing the autopsy findings of such an anomaly, which is termed as Diprosopus triophthalmus in the modern literature.