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PubMed1992

Sensitivity to inflectional morphology in aphasia: a real-time processing perspective.

The present study investigates Broca's aphasics' sensitivity to morphological information in an on-line task. German is used as the test language because it is highly inflected. Results from two word monitoring experiments show first that Broca's patients like normal controls are sensitive to the presence of a contextually incorrect inflection. Contrary to normals, they are, however, not sensitive to the absence of an obligatory inflection even when its presence is syntactically highly constrained. Second, they reveal that Broca's aphasics are only sensitive to the presence of an incorrect inflection when it functions as a marker of lexical category (noun vs. verb) and not when it functions as a diacritical marker (second person singular vs. third person singular). The results are taken as evidence for the claim that Broca's aphasics are impaired in the ability to process the full syntactic information encoded in closed class elements in a fast, automatic, and obligatory way.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Language abilities of mildly closed head injured (CHI) children 10 years post-injury.

The language functioning of a group of 14 children who had sustained a mild closed head injury (CHI) at least 10 years previously was assessed. The subjects were administered a battery of language assessments including an overall language test, and specific language skills assessments. Performance of the head-injured group was compared with that of a group of non-neurologically impaired accident victims matched for age, sex and educational level. Overall language performance of the experimental group did not differ significantly from the controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Hearing and language sequelae in survivors of a neonatal intensive care unit].

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to record the hearing and language sequelae in a sample of children from the Intensive Care Unit between the ages of two and three. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one children were studied after being submitted to neuropsychological, hearing and language tests. Both normal and abnormal parameters for each test allowed the categorization of the children. RESULTS: In the general sample there were 24 full-term children versus 17 preterm children. The neurological testing showed a tendency towards normality. The same was seen in language testing since the proportion of normality corresponded to those children born after a full term. There were practically no differences in those suspected from both groups and a greater percentage of abnormal children were found among the pre-term infants. From an audiological standpoint there was a predominance of normal children; there was only one patient with severe bilateral hypoacusis who needed an electric auxiliary hearing device and two other patients with peripheral ear dysfunction classified as serous middle ear otitis. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hypoacusis in this sampling type is similar to that reported in the literature. Those patients with a history of assisted mechanical ventilation have been later found to have, as a sequelae, serous middle ear otitis, which corresponds to that reported by Paradise. The development of language stages were altered more so in preterm children. In some patients, the lack of stimulation associated with a low socioeconomic back group favors the delay in the development of language skills.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Predicting reading problems in at-risk children.

This study was designed to determine early predictors of reading problems in children at risk for such problems. Three groups of children participated in the study: those with a specific language impairment; those who presumably had a language delay or disorder early in life and had no or a mild disorder at present; and a group of premature children. The data collected were standard speech and language test measures, given as the children entered the study, measures of language meta-processing abilities on an experimental battery, given 6 months after they entered the study; and standard measures of reading, given when the children were aged 80 to 96 months. Many significant relations were found between measures of oral language ability and meta-processing ability at an earlier age and reading ability in first and second grade. The language processing battery scores accounted for a somewhat greater amount of variance on the reading tests than did the scores on the standard language tests. Three ability groups, comparatively high, middle, and low, were found in the population as a result of cluster analysis. Some premature children and some children with early language disorder or mild language disorder at entry into the study, as well as most SLI children, were members of the low language-ability group. These data were then examined to see if membership in the low language-ability group, as measured by either standard speech and language tests or the language meta-processing battery predicted at-risk reading performance on the WRAT. Forty-six children were found to be at risk by this test. Twenty-one of the children were identified by either set of measures, an additional 10 were identified by the language meta-processing measures alone, an additional 3 by the intake measures alone, and 12 of the children were not identified by either set of measures as potential problem readers. The results indicate that early measures of language awareness are good predictors of later reading performance but that different measures of this awareness are good predictors for different children.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Reliability of hearing-impaired children's responses to oral and total presentations of the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language.

The Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL) (Carrow, 1973) was administered on two occasions to two groups of hearing-impaired children. The test was administered in the usual manner (face-to-face, spoken) to children who were being educated by oral methods. The test was also simultaneously spoken and signed to children who were being educated by total-communication methods. Reliability of responses was high for both groups (r = 0.96 for oral-aural and 0.90 for total-communication children) and error patterns were similar. The TACL appears to be an appropriate and reliable instrument for use with hearing-impaired children.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1992

Interhemispheric dissociation of expressive and receptive language functions in patients with complex-partial seizures: an amobarbital study.

Bilateral intracarotid amobarbital procedures (IAP) were performed in 144 patients with medically intractable complex-partial seizures. As a result of language testing, 29 patients (20.1%) were found to have bilateral language representation to different degrees. In four (2.8%) of these patients--all right-handers with early onset of epilepsy and/or evidence of early brain damage--there was strong evidence of an interhemispheric dissociation of expressive and receptive language functions. Two of these patients had circumscribed temporal foci (one left, one right), and receptive language functions were represented in the hemisphere contralateral to the focus. One patient with a right frontal focus showed left-hemisphere dominance for expressive functions, while the fourth patient exhibited left-hemisphere dominance for receptive functions associated with a right temporo-parietal focus. It is argued that in these four cases the circumscribed functional and/or structural impairments have led to a shift of the anatomically associated language functions to the opposite hemisphere (rather than to neighboring regions of the same hemisphere). These findings substantiate the hypothesis that in special circumstances the anterior (expressive) language area can be located in one hemisphere and the posterior (receptive) area in the other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Effects of localised cerebral lesions and dysphasia on verbal memory.

Twenty-nine patients with unilateral left hemisphere lesions, 22 patients with unilateral right hemisphere lesions, and 19 neurological control patients with extracerebral lesions were assessed on verbal memory recall and recognition tests and on a battery of language tests. The left hemisphere group was significantly impaired in memory and language skills. Significant verbal memory impairment was found both in the subgroup of left hemisphere lesion patients whose lesions involved the temporal lobe and in the subgroup whose lesions did not. However, no significant differences between these left hemisphere subgroups' levels of performance on memory tasks emerged, even when dysphasia was taken into account. This study, therefore, fails to support the notion of a specific anatomical correlate of verbal memory impairment within the left hemisphere. Dysphasic subjects were significantly impaired on verbal memory tasks but displayed the same pattern of sensitivity to the effects of word frequency and word concreteness on verbal memory as control subjects, suggesting that the verbal memory of the dysphasic subjects was quantitatively rather than qualitatively impaired. This impairment could not be attributed to deficits in the comprehension or expression of the memory test items, and it is, therefore, proposed that language disturbances may hinder the efficient use of such language based procedures as may subserve verbal memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis from ingestion of a chloride-deficient infant formula: outcome 9 and 10 years later.

In 1978 and 1979 two infant formulas, Neo-Mull-Soy and Cho-Free, were found to be deficient in chloride. The Centers for Disease Control received reports that hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (HMA) had developed in 141 children as a result of exposure to these formulas. Thirty-five of these children were examined at 9 and 10 years of age and compared with a group of 32 children who were exposed to the chloride-deficient formulas but were not reported to experience HMA and a group of 61 children who received chloride-sufficient soy formulas in infancy. The control children were matched to the HMA children on sex, race, age, and maternal education. Growth characteristics, performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Boston Naming Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Test, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R), and subtests from several other speech and language tests were compared across the groups. After adjustment for family income and the level of the father's education, significantly lower scores were observed in the HMA children on the WISC-R Arithmetic subtest (mean = 10.5) compared with the soy control children (mean = 12.0, P less than .05) and on the WISC-R Coding subtest (mean = 9.0) compared with the soy control children (mean = 10.8, P less than .01). All the WISC-R subtest scores were, however, within the normal range. Although no significant differences occurred on the CELF-R between groups, the risk of an HMA child falling below the range expected for a standard population was increased on the CELF-R Composite Total, Receptive, and Expressive Language scores: risk ratios = 2.14, 2.14, and 3.03 respectively. Significant differences were observed between the children exposed, both HMA and non-HMA children, and the soy control children for behavioral problems as determined by the Achenbach Childhood Behavioral Checklist. It is concluded that as a group, children with documented HMA appear to have recovered from their growth failure and have normal cognitive development. They may, however, be at risk for deficits in language skills that require expressive language abilities.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed1992

A study of the concurrent validity of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language with recent immigrants.

The concurrent validity of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language was investigated by correlating the total scores for 152 first-year medical students with their performances on the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery. The sample included many recent immigrants from southeastern Asia who were not yet highly proficient in English. The Pearson correlation of .78 between the two measures was high and statistically significantly different from zero.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1991

Social interaction among deaf preschoolers. The effects of language ability and age.

This study examined the relationship between deaf preschoolers' language abilities and their play behavior. Twenty-nine deaf children aged three to five years were observed during outdoor free play throughout the school year. Their language abilities varied widely and did not correlate with age. On the basis of two language tests, they were divided into three language ability groups--high, middle, and low. Language ability was found to be related to several aspects of play and social interaction. The children with high language ability were more likely than the other children to play with two partners at the same time (i.e., engage in triadic interaction), to interact with teachers, to prefer to play with children of similar language ability, to use language, and to receive language from their partners. Most of these effects seemed to be due solely to differences between the children with high language ability and those in the other two groups. Children in the low and middle language ability groups behaved similarly. Language ability was not related to any other aspect of peer relations. Thus, the impact of language ability seems limited. These results, in conjunction with past research, suggest that, for the most part, deaf preschoolers' language and social skills develop independently from each other.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

A minority perspective in the diagnosis of child language disorders.

The effective diagnosis and treatment of persons from diverse minority language backgrounds has become an important issue in the field of speech and language pathology. Yet, many SLPs have had little or no formal training in minority language, there is a paucity of normative data on language acquisition in minority groups, and there are few standardized speech and language tests appropriate for these groups. We described a diagnostic process that addresses these problems. The diagnostic protocol we have proposed for a child from a Black English-speaking background characterizes many of the major issues in treating minority children. In summary, we proposed four assessment strategies: gathering referral source data; making direct observations; using standardized tests of non-speech and language behavior (cognition, perception, motor, etc.); and eliciting language samples and probes.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

A new method for the examination of language in aphasics: internal and external reliability coefficients.

A new method is presented to test language, worked out by one of the authors (R.R.L.). Briefly, it consists of the systematic and ordered exploration of the functions from the cortical sensory and motor areas, the interchange of the sensorial information from the sensory to the motor areas. Nine patients with different aphasic syndromes were examined independently from each other. The test was divided in two ranks; the sensory interchange and the motor-oral-manual. The Spearman Correlation Coefficient and its statistical meaning was calculated for each rank. For the internal reliability tests, the results achieved by two successive examination on the same patient were compared by the same explorer. For the external reliability, the results from two sucessive tests on the same patient were compared by two different explorers. The Spearman Correlation Coefficient rate in all the cases varied between 1 and 0.88 with a probability of more than 0.0005 and high statistical significance, with exception of the motor rank of case 4, where it was 0.87 with a probability of more than 0.005 and less than 0.0005 with still some statistical meaning.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1979

The effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development -- a descriptive study.

In this study, the speech and language skills of children with histories of chronic middle ear effusion were analyzed. Forty-seven children between the ages of one year eleven months and five years five months were given a battery of speech and language tests in the course of a diagnostic evaluation. All the children had been referred to speech pathology by a physician because of a suspected communication disorder. All subjects had histories of three or more episodes of middle era effusion, with the first episode occurring prior to 18 months of age. All medical records were checked and in-depth case histories were obtained in order to rule out other possible complicating factors that might have contributed to a speech and language delay. The results of this study revealed essentially age-appropriate receptive language skills in this group of children. Expressive language and articulatory skills were significantly below chronological age level expectation, indicating the possible serious effects of chronic middle ear effusion on speech and language development.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Written language skills of children with cleft palate.

The written language abilities of children with cleft palates aged eight to 13 were studied to compare performance with norms for the Picture Story Language Test. Although intelligence of this sample, as measured by the performance portion of the WISC, was skewed toward the superior and very superior ranges, the group ranked below the 50th percentile in total words used, words per sentence, and syntax quotients. Also, percentile scores on the PSLT declined as the age of the subjects increased. These results differ from the Ebert, McWilliams, and Woolf (1974) study where younger children with cleft palates (ages six to eight) were found to exhibit age-appropriate written language. The influence of factors affecting language development among the cleft palate population, such as methods and success of management, hearing, articulation, intelligence, sex, and psychosocial adjustment needs to be further investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Longitudinal evaluation of communication skills of children with single- or multichannel cochlear implants.

Performance on speech perception, speech production, and language tests was measured over time in children who used the 3M/House or the Nucleus cochlear implant. The speech perception and production results demonstrated higher performance levels and faster rates of learning for the multichannel than for the single-channel users. The performance of the children with the single-channel implant on the speech perception and production measures reached a plateau by 1.5 years post implant, whereas the children using the multichannel device continued to show improvement after 2 or more years of implant use. Changes in language were limited over time with no obvious difference in performance as a function of type of implant.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

[Activation of supplementary motor areas during voluntary movements in man studied by measurement of focal cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].

Focal activation in the cerebral cortex during different motility and language tests in 52 patients examined by arteriography was studied by measuring focal cerebral blood flow (fCBF) by means of an apparatus of high resolution. A sterotactic or functional approach demonstrated that the upper premotor activation previously noted in certain types of movement, corresponds to supplementary motor area (SMA). A retrospective study of 157 maps of fCBF recorded during motor or verbal behaviour, compared to 90 recordings in subjects at rest, showed that SMA is involved in most voluntary movements, either verbal or non-verbal. An analysis of the results suggests that SMA acts during the establishment of new motor programs, and in the control of pre-established automatic activities, in response to internal and external stimuli.

Brain Mapping↗