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PubMed1976

[Problems associated with the prevention of cruelty to animals in modern livestock breeding (author's transl)].

Regulations for the protection of useful animals can be traced to the early history of Law. The reason for such regulations has hardly changed up to the present: the expedient incorporation of the animal into the hierachy of values of the prevailing times. Decisive impulses invariably originated from the legal conception, the need for legal protection as well as from the scientific conceptions of society. The development rarely took a linear course and was not without setbacks. The prevention of cruelty to animals has always been faced with particular conflicting situations. Our pluralistic society with its marked philosophy of profit-making has to face such a problem, in particular as a result of livestock keeping in modern systems. The necessity and legitimacy of a permanent supply of large quantities of high-grade animal foodstuffs to be offered to our present industrial society on a competitive and low-cost basis, have contributed to this development. The public and parliament have for some time been demanding a modern federal act for the prevention of cruelty to animals based on a technical conception allowing also those questions of animal protection related to the present keeping of useful animals to be integrated, thus achieving a gradual balancing of interests. Such an Animal Protection Act came into force on October 1, 1972. On account of its scientific orientation it prompts us to give renewed thought to many present-day ideas about the keeping of animals, especially of useful animals, employing modern systems. With this objective in mind the Act has already strongly influenced the developing international harmonization of provisions for Animal Protection. The problems linked with "Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals" require a harmonization of the ethical, scientific, economic and legal aspects as an indispensable prerequisite. On the basis of expert opinions prepared by a group of specialists of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture on the minimum requirements to be satisfied by modern systems of fowl breeding, the various scientific basic concepts and evaluations are presented. The value of the information yielded by modern research into animal behaviour is emphasized in this connection. Future legal ordinances in accordance with Clause 13, para 1 of the Animal Protection Act of July 24, 1972 for the protection of useful animals kept in modern systems call for a particularly thorough scientific foundation which must also stand up to examination by the courts. The problems to be solved require comprehensive research. An urgent task for the near future will be to give the resolution of these problems a firm scientific base. In addition to the topical approach to the subject "Animal Protection/Keeping of Useful Animals", indications are given for a comprehensive approach which will prove indispensable in the future...

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1977

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D3 in livestock feed supplements.

Vitamin D3 is determined in livestock feed supplements by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracts of the samples are quantitated using normal phase chromatography. If interfering co-extractives are present, an aliquot of the extract is injected on the normal phase column, and the fraction corresponding to vitamin D3 is collected. The vitamin fraction is then further cleaned up and separated from interferences by reverse phase chromatography, and quantitated by measuring the ultraviolet absorption at 254 and 280 nm. The method measures actual vitamin D3 content in the presence of pre-vitamin D, tachysterol, isotachysterol, and vitamin A.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

A livestock disease survey from auction mart inspection in Saskatchewan.

The data on health problems from visual livestock inspection at an auction mart in Saskatchewan during a two year period were tabulated for swine, cattle and calves. The major conditions seen in swine were underweight animals, infectious diseases or congenital abnormalities. Infectious diseases such as Hypoderma spp. infestations, ringworm or eye infections were the primary troubles in older cattle. Young calves demonstrated a predominance of congenital (herniation) and infectious (enteritis or navel infection) diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Applicability of methods for determining air velocity in livestock buildings].

Comparative studies were carried out on the applicability of the katathermometers, mechanical anemometers, and the thermoelectric anemometer type TEA-4, devised by the authors and introduced into practice, for determining the velocity of air in livestock buildings. TEA-4 proved more perspective for measurements in animal breedings as it makes possible a continuous automatic control on air velocity. This, in turn, renders it feasible to follow up the day-and-night and the seasonal dynamics of this microclimate factors. By preciseness and exploitation dependability TEA-4 has proved superior to katathermometers and mechanical anemometers. Its adoption into practice has made it possible to shorten the time of measurement.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Genetic history and adaptation of Eurasian wild boars inform livestock breeding.

Historical expansions of wild boars (Sus scrofa) across Eurasia have shaped phenotypic variation, genetic diversity, and local adaptation of their populations. The study by Wang et al.1 investigates the demographic history and genetic adaptation of Eurasian wild boars based on 96 whole-genome sequences, informing a critical role of Central Asian populations in their expansions and identifying key genes and variants associated with their local adaptation. Also, the adaptive variants are potentially useful for domestic pig breeding in future.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Surveillance of tick-borne viruses in the border regions of the Tumen River Basin: Co-circulation in ticks and livestock.

BACKGROUND: The unique eco-geographical patterns and climatic conditions of the China-Tumen River border region, combined with frequent cross-border tourism and trade activities, collectively establish this area as a recognized hotspot for tick-borne disease outbreaks. However, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the eco-epidemiology of emerging tick-borne viruses and the distribution of their potential reservoir hosts within this trinational ecosystem spanning China, North Korea, and Russia. METHODS: We collected a total of 2,004 ticks from the study area, along with blood samples obtained from 42 sheep and 45 cattle. Following viral metagenomic analysis of the ticks, dual verification of target pathogens in all samples was performed using qRT-PCR and RT-PCR assays. Phylogenetic trees were constructed and nucleotide sequences were analyzed to delineate relationships between the obtained virus strains and reference sequences. RESULTS: Viral metagenomics identified three viruses in ticks: Dabieshan tick virus (DBTV), Songling virus (SGLV), and Yanggou tick virus (YGTV). PCR analysis detected DBTV exclusively in Hunchun ticks (minimum infection rates, MIR:4.73%) and YGTV in Antu specimens (MIR:0.97%). Conversely, SGLV was detected in ticks from all four regions, with MIR of 1.68% (Helong), 0.74% (Hunchun), 1.61% (Antu), and 4.79% (Longjing). Concurrently, SGLV was detected in 19 sheep blood samples from Longjing, yielding a positivity rate of 45.24%, while YGTV was identified in 13 cattle blood samples from Antu, with a positivity rate of 28.89%. Phylogenetically, the DBTV strain clustered with previously reported DBTV and Yongjia tick virus 1 isolates. Sheep-derived SGLV strains shared close evolutionary ties with tick-borne SGLV, whereas YGTV from cattle and ticks formed a distinct cluster with Russian strains but diverged into two branches from Chinese variants, suggesting evolutionary instability. CONCLUSION: These findings address critical knowledge gaps in the transmission dynamics and genetic diversity of emerging arboviruses while providing vital insights for developing cross-border surveillance strategies with significant public health implications.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. V. Notes on camels.

Observations on camels have been made over two separate periods of about 18 months each. Information is provided on population structure and on type, with particular reference to weight and shoulder height. A growth curve has been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and a mean population weight has been calculated. Details of live and slaughter weight and dressing percentages of 60 camels are given. The weights and percentages of empty body weight and of edible and nonedible parts are presented. Some notes are made of the unusual method of slaughter. The role of camels in transport and draught is discussed. Camels used for ploughing and for pressing oil from local crops produce more power than other domestic animals doing similar work.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan, VII. Production of poultry under simulated traditional conditions.

Observations were made on egg production, egg hatchability and fertility, liveweight and growth characteristics of domestic fowls, Muscovy ducks and pigeons kept under simulated traditional conditions in Southern Darfur. Fowl and ducks produced about 50 eggs a year in 4 1/2 clutches spaced at 80 day intervals and pigeons 17 in 8 1/2 clutches at 43 day intervals. First eggs were laid at about 240 days by the fowls, 213 days by ducks and 132 days by pigeons. The annual weight of eggs produced was 2,013 3,596 and 286 g for fowl, ducks and pigeons respectively, being 1.53, 2.33 and 0.88 times the mean adult female body weight for each species. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were higher in fowls than ducks which were in turn higher than in pigeons. Early growth in pigeons was very rapid. Muscovies achieved mature body weights at about 20 weeks while mature weights in fowls were achieved much later in males than in females.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Whole mitogenome profile of Pelung and Sentul chickens to reveal potency of Indonesian livestock genetic resources.

Native chickens are essential genetic resources in Indonesia, providing economic, cultural, and nutritional value with strong adaptability to local environments. Among these native chickens, Sentul and Pelung are recognized as national genetic resources due to dual-purpose and ornamental traits, respectively, but their whole mitogenome characterization remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assemble and analyze the whole mitogenome of Sentul and Pelung chickens as well as perform a comparison with 35 additional genomes from domestic chickens and jungle fowls across Asia. The experiment was carried out using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics-based genome assembly and analysis. The results showed that both Sentul and Pelung genomes were 16,784 bp in length and contained the typical mitochondrial gene composition, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs), two ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs), and a control region (D-loop). Furthermore, comparative analysis identified five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguishing the two breeds, located in ND1, COX1, COX2, ND4, and the D-loop region. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on whole mitochondrial sequences showed that Sentul and Pelung chickens belong to haplogroup D, alongside other native breeds and red jungle fowls from Indonesia and the Philippines.

Genetic diversity↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of animal viruses from farm livestock waste, soil and water.

Ten porcine enteroviruses, 2 porcine adenoviruses and 1 coronavirus were isolated directly from 32 samples of slurry collected from a pig fattening house. Concentration of the same samples by adsorption with the polyelectrolyte PE-60 yielded 24 porcine enteroviruses and 3 porcine adenoviruses. A porcine enterovirus was isolated, following PE-60 concentration, from 1 to 6 slurry samples from a sow farrowing house. No virus was isolated from 12 samples of slurry from dairy cows nor from 6 slurry samples from a calf-rearing unit. A porcine enterovirus was isolated from soil samples, after concentration with PE-60, collected 1, 2 and 8 days after pig slurry was spread on hay stubble. Two porcine enteroviruses were isolated by membrane filtration from 26 samples of surface run-off from land on which pig slurry was routinely spread, and 2 bovine enteroviruses were isolated from cattle feedlot run-off after adsorption to layers of talc and celite followed by hydroextraction. A porcine enterovirus was also isolated from 1 of 33 samples of surface water collected on farms on which pig slurry was routinely spread on the land, but no virus was isolated from 36 samples of ground water from the same farms. The surface water and ground water samples were concentrated by talc-celite adsorption and hydroextraction.

Adenoviridae↗