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PubMed1988

The influence of different amounts of clomiphene citrate on follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol levels and on the number and maturation of follicles.

Sixty-eight anovulatory women were divided into three groups according to the administered doses of clomiphene citrate (CC) (A 250 mg, B 500 mg, C 750 mg). Daily follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) measurements were performed. Follicular maturation was monitored by ultrasound. In the high-CC dose group, a statistically significant FSH rise was noted. As a result, earlier selection of the dominant follicle (DF), faster increase in the DF diameter and increased E2 production was found.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Diethylstilbestrol in treatment of postorchiectomy vasomotor symptoms and its relationship with serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone.

Vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes and profuse sweating have been described after bilateral orchiectomy. We evaluated 26 patients who had undergone bilateral orchiectomy for prostatic carcinoma to determine the incidence of vasomotor symptoms and the efficacy of low-dose diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the treatment of those symptoms. Measurements of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were performed to look for endocrine patterns which may be related to the presence of vasomotor symptoms. Fourteen patients (54%) reported the presence of vasomotor symptoms beginning one to four weeks after surgery. These patients were treated with DES or placebo in a double-blind crossover trial. The frequency and severity of hot flushes were significantly reduced during the time DES was given. This was accomplished with a low dose of 1 mg daily of DES which avoids the cardiovascular complications of higher doses. We found no correlation between the presence, severity, or frequency of hot flushes and serum gonadotropin or testosterone concentrations.

Climacteric↗

PubMed2000

Age-dependent effect of Freund's adjuvant on 24-hour rhythms in plasma prolactin, growth hormone, thyrotropin, insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in rats.

The effect of Freund's adjuvant administration on 24-hour changes of plasma prolactin, growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were studied in young (2 months) and aged (18 months) male Wistar rats. Rats were injected s.c. with Freund's adjuvant or adjuvant's vehicle and, 18 days later, they were killed at 6 different time intervals throughout a 24-hour cycle to measure circulating hormone levels by specific RIAs. Young rats receiving adjuvant's vehicle exhibited significant time-of-day-dependent variations in plasma TSH, LH and testosterone, with maximal levels at 1300 h, 0100 h and 1700 h, respectively. Prolactin and insulin levels, analyzed globally in a factorial ANOVA, showed significant time-of-day changes with maximal levels at 1300 - 1700 h and 2100 h, respectively. The daily rhythms in plasma LH and testosterone found in young rats were not longer observed in Freund's adjuvant-injected rats, while as far as TSH, a second peak was observed at 0100 h after Freund's adjuvant administration. Twenty-four hour rhythms in circulating TSH, LH and testosterone were blunted in old rats receiving either Freund's adjuvant or its vehicle. Aged rats exhibited significantly higher circulating levels of prolactin, and lower levels of GH, TSH, FSH and testosterone. The results indicate that secretion of prolactin, GH, TSH, FSH and testosterone are age-dependent, as are the responses of TSH, LH and testosterone to Freund's adjuvant administration.

Aging↗

PubMed1978

Effect of premenopausal castration and incremental dosages of conjugated equine estrogens on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol.

Plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) were measured serially in 11 premenopausal patients before and after hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. One week after operation an incremental dosage regimen of conjugated estrogens (CEE) in tablet form was commenced on a basis of two weeks with therapy (0.3, 0.625, 1.25, and finally 2.5 mg.), with each dose interspersed by two weeks without therapy. FSH, LH and E2 levels were measured at the end of each period with and without therapy. E2 levels fell within 24 hours of operation while FSH and LH levels rose gradually. CEE therapy produced an elevation of E2, but circulating concentrations comparable to the premenopausal values were only maintained during the dosage periods of 0.625 and 1.25 mg. of CEE. In only one instance did CEE succeed in reducing FSH to premenopausal levels, and that was at a dosage of 2.5 mg., in which instance the E2 level was higher than the premenopausal value. LH was never reduced to a premenopausal level. Thus, the data indicate that CEE alone in dosages up to 2.5 mg. per day was unable to reproduce in postmenopausal women the gonadotropin and E2 blood serum levels shown to exist prior to oophorectomy. Usual CEE treatment after menopause, therefore, in itself does not represent physiologic "hormone replacement therapy," if defined as the dosage required to maintain premenopausal circulating concentrations of reproductive hormones.

Castration↗

PubMed1981

Follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estrogen levels before and after female sterilization.

A prospective pilot investigation of 14 women subjected to sterilization via laparoscopy, using bipolar electrocoagulation of the Fallopian tubes, did not reveal any significant change in the levels of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or estradiol either before or 3 months after the operation. However, the investigation gave evidence of a slight decrease in estradiol levels in the first 3 months after sterilization.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Repeated circadian growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in children: influence of 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone.

Growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in plasma of 5 children at different pubertal stages and suffering from moderate orthostatic complaints, were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Parameters for secretory capacity were arginine loading and circadian hormonal patterns in hourly intervals from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. and in half-hourly intervals from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. before and after 6 weeks treatment with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (9-alpha-F, Astonin-H, Fa. Merck, Darmstadt, 0.1--0.2 mg/day. Plasma GH during arginine tests and in circadian levels remained unchanged, but circadian LH showed a consistent slight rise in all children. With pubertal development, magnitude and timing of GH peaks increased in boys, and rather decreased in the two girls toward late puberty. Episodic fluctuation of LH and FSH were more marked during sleep, and increased in the three bosy as puberty advanced. Similar intraindividual patterns for GH and LH, but not for FSH were noted in 4 children. Timing of GH and LH peaks appeared to be correlated. An intrinsic hereditary long-term regulatory principle is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Usefulness of serial measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol in patients with premature ovarian failure.

This study tests the hypothesis that serial measurements of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) are useful in identifying a subset of patients with premature ovarian failure (POF) who may respond to high-dose human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) therapy. Nineteen patients with POF were studied with weekly measurements of serum FSH, LH, and E2 for five consecutive weeks. Nine patients (group I) showed episodic increases in E2 (greater than 50 pg/ml), seven accompanied by decreases in FSH, and an FSH/LH ratio that was periodically less than 1.0. Ten patients (group II) displayed persistent, nonvarying low E2 and high FSH and LH levels. There was no significant difference in the E2 response to high-dose hMG (48 to 100 ampules hMG/trial) in the two groups, all patients failing to respond. In conclusion, serial assays for FSH, LH, and E2 in patients with POF fail to predict ovarian responsiveness to a trial of high-dose hMG.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Progesterone production in vitro by mouse luteal cells: response to follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH); prolactin, and recombinant FSH and a protein kinase C activator (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate [PMA]) on progesterone production by dispersed luteal cells (large + small) from Day 4 pregnant mice. Corpora lutea (CL) were collected on Day 4 of pregnancy (Day 1 = sperm positive smear), and dispersed luteal cells were isolated using collagenase. After overnight incubation, the luteal cells were incubated with or without FSH, LH, prolactin, or recombinant human FSH or PMA for 4 hr or an additional 24 hr at 37 degrees C; media were collected and progesterone was determined by RIA. Ten nanograms and 100 ng of ovine FSH, LH and prolactin were all equally effective in stimulating progesterone synthesis in media recovered after 24 hr of incubation. Moreover, the combination of all three gonadotropins yielded maximum levels of progesterone indicating a luteotrophic complex in vitro, paralleling previous in vivo findings. Recombinant human FSH-devoid of LH contamination-at doses of 10 and 100 ng also significantly stimulated progesterone synthesis, which strongly suggests that FSH has luteotropic activity in the mouse, thus agreeing with our previous in vitro results with CL of the pregnant hamster and rat. One hundred nanomolar PMA by itself did not affect progesterone production but significantly decreased dibutyrl cAMP-, forskolin-, FSH-, and LH-induced progesterone production, suggesting that activation of protein kinase C may block the luteotropic effects of LH and FSH during murine pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Influence of gonadotropic releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and pineal extracts on testes of immature cockerels.

Two, seven, and ten-day-old S.C.W.L. cockerels were injected with pineal extract (PE), gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), alone or in combination, to determine the effect of PE on the action of exogenous GnRH and LH on the testis in immature cockerels. Radioactive phosphorus (P-32) uptake by the testis was used as an assay for gonadotropic activity. GnRH had no effects on cockerels aged two days. However, LH caused increased P-32 uptake compared to the saline control at this age. In seven- and ten-day-old cockerels, PE in combination with GnRH resulted in lower P-32 c.p.m./g. of testis compared to the non-PE treated birds at the same doses of GnRH. On the other hand, PE did not cause any decrease in testis response to LH. These results indicate that PE is acting to inhibit release of gonadotropins by GnRH.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Short-term effects of vasoligation upon plasma follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin in the adult rat: further evidence for a direct neural connection between the testes and the central nervous system.

The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether bilateral vasoligation of adult male rats had any short-term effects upon plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin. Adult male rats (250-300 g) were either bilaterally vasoligated or sham vasoligated, and blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture preoperatively and at 24 h and 7 days following surgery. Plasma levels of both FSH and LH were significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased at 24 h following vasoligation compared to preoperative levels and those of sham-operated controls. However, the response was differential since, at 7 days following vasoligation, plasma FSH was still significantly decreased while LH was returning to control levels. Conversely, plasma prolactin levels were significantly (P less than 0.01) increased at 24 h compared to preoperative values and those in sham-operated controls, and at 7 days prolactin had returned to preoperative control levels. Sham vasoligation did not significantly change plasma levels of FSH, LH, or prolactin at any of the time intervals investigated. These results provide further evidence that suggests that there may be a direct connection between the testis and central nervous system that may be involved in the short-term regulation of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Correlation between follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and testosterone with sperm cell concentration and motility.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in blood and seminal plasma of normo-spermic and oligospermic men. These parameters were correlated with sperm cell concentration as well as sperm motility. Average motility in the oligospermic group was significantly decreased as compared with the normospermic group (P less than .001). A significant reciprocal correlation was demonstrated between blood LH concentrations and sperm cell concentrations (P less than .05) as well as sperm motility (P less than .02). In contrast, a significant positive correlation was demonstrated between seminal LH concentrations and sperm cell count and motility (P less than .001). Seminal FSH and testosterone concentrations were positively correlated with sperm output but not sperm motility (P less than .05). The increased concentrations of LH in circulation accompanying idiopathic oligospermia suggests that LH secretion may be linked to the factors regulating spermatogenesis. The significant correlation between seminal testosterone and sperm concentration demonstrated in this study offers further support to this hypothesis. The significance of the correlation between the levels of LH and FSH in seminal plasma and sperm cell concentration and sperm motility is unknown.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone↗

PubMed1987

In vitro steroidogenesis by primary to antral follicles in the hamster during the periovulatory period: effects of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin.

Hamster ovarian follicles at Stages 1 to 10 (Stages 1-4: follicles with 1-4 layers of granulosa cells (GC); Stages 5-7: 5-10 layers GC plus theca; Stages 8-10: antral follicles) were isolated on the morning of proestrus or estrus and incubated for 2 h in the absence or presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (Prl), progesterone (P4), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), or androstenedione (A). Steroid accumulations in the media were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). On proestrus, without any hormonal stimulus, consistent accumulation of P4 through estradiol-17 beta (E2) occurred in low amounts only from Stage 6 and on; both FSH (5-25 ng) and LH (1-25 ng) significantly stimulated steroidogenesis by Stage 6-10 follicles, and the effects of FSH, except for Stage 10, were largely attributable to LH contamination. However, 25 ng FSH significantly stimulated A production by Stages 1-4, whereas 1-25 ng LH was ineffective. On estrus, follicles at all stages, especially 1-6, showed significant and dose-dependent increases in P4 production in response to FSH; both FSH and LH significantly stimulated P4 and 17OHP accumulation from Stage 5 onwards; however, there was no increase in A and E2 compared to controls. Even the smallest estrous follicles showed a shift to predominance of P4 accumulation. On proestrus, Prl had a negative influence on LH-induced accumulation of P4 and 17OHP by Stages 7-9 and 6-8, respectively, without affecting A or E2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Blood serum content of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in women with normal menstrual cycle].

The content of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesteron was determined in the blood serum during normal menstrual cycle in 11 healthy women aged from 20 to 35 years. Radioimmunological method indicated the changes in prolactin level during the cycle, as well as in the FSH and LH levels, to be cyclic in character. Prolactin peak revealed in the middle of the cycle coincided with LH and FSH peaks in time. Prolactin and LH level was greater during the lutein than during the folliculin phase; the contrary was true of the FSH level--it was greater in the course of folliculin than during the lutein phase. A postitive correlation was revealed bwtween the prolactin, FSH and LH levels during the cycle, between the FSH and estradiol levels--during the 1st phase and between the LH and progesteron levels--during the 2nd phase of the cycle. However, this correlation between the prolactin and ovarian hormone levels was weak and statistically insignificant.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

In vitro effects of interactions of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin on progesterone synthesis by rat luteal cells during pregnancy.

The in vitro ability of ovine (o) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), (o)luteinizing hormone (LH), (o)prolactin (PRL), and recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) to stimulate progesterone (P4) synthesis by rat corpora lutea on Day 4 of pregnancy was investigated. Dispersed luteal cells (large + small cells) were incubated in the presence of the gonadotropins (1-100 ng) alone or in various combinations (10 ng each) for 4 or 24 hr. Given alone, all the ovine preparations stimulated P4 in a dose-dependent manner with even 1 ng of each hormone significantly enhancing P4 production. Significantly, rhFSH--which is devoid of LH contamination--at 10 and 100 ng also stimulated P4 production, thus clearly establishing for the first time that FSH is a luteotropic hormone in the rat. The combination of oFSH + LH + PRL (10 ng each) significantly stimulated P4 synthesis to a greater extent than the combination of any two hormones or individual hormones at both 4 hr or an additional 24 hr of incubation (P < 0.05). This verified in vitro a previously established in vivo luteotropic complex. One hundred nanamolars of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) did not affect basal P4 secretion but inhibited cAMP, oFSH, and oLH stimulation of P4. Thus, the luteotropic effects of FSH, LH, and activators of protein kinase A are antagonized by the protein kinase C pathway.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effects of external radiation therapy for cancer of the prostate on the serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin.

Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin were analyzed in serum from 31 patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated primarily with megavoltage radiation therapy. The total tumor dose varied between 58 and 71 gray (mean 63.5 gray). Absorbed doses to the testes were measured at approximately 1 to more than 10 gray. We investigated retrospectively 17 patients 3 to 60 months (mean 20 months) after therapy and found significantly lower serum testosterone concentrations and significantly higher luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations than in age-matched controls. Of the patients 14 were followed before and after radiation treatment. Testosterone concentrations were reduced significantly 1 week as well as 3 months after treatment but pre-treatment values were found on analysis 6 and 12 months after treatment. The values for luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones were significantly higher 3, 6 and 12 months after radiation treatment compared to pre-treatment values. The follicle-stimulating hormone value already increased after 1 week. The greatest observed testosterone alteration occurred 1 week after treatment in patients who received more than 10 gray over the gonads. The use of lead shields protecting the testes reduced the dose absorbed to the gonads by approximately 50 per cent.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Effects on the secretion of pituitary growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in rats rendered hyperprolactinaemic by chronic treatment with oestrogen.

The induction of hyperprolactinaemia in the male rat following chronic high-dose oestrogen administration over 3 months was associated with a significant inhibition of the secretion of growth hormone (GH) (P less than 0.02) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (p less than 0.0025), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (both P less than 0.01). Acute, but not chronic, administration of bromocriptine (1 mg/kg) to these hyperprolactinaemic animals had the effect of normalizing the serum levels of GH and TSH but not those of LH or FSH. While the effects observed on GH, TSH, LH and FSH following induction of hyperprolactinaemia are likely to be consequential to brain actions of prolactin, the present data do not exclude the possibility of direct actions of oestrogen itself.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of sexual arousal on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the stallion.

In an experiment conducted late in the physiological breeding season, 5 stallions were fitted with indwelling pituitary venous cannulae that permitted unobtrusive collection of blood coming from the pituitary and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels. The next day, blood samples were collected at 5 min intervals for several hours while the stallions were resting. Pulses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) occurred approximately once per hour. After this, an oestrous mare was brought into contact with each stallion for 8-30 min. This exposure rapidly induced pulses of GnRH, FSH and LH secretion in all stallions, showing that sexual arousal stimulates the hormones of the reproductive axis.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Changes in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt.

1. Circulating concentrations of iodothyronines, luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol(E2), progesterone and corticosterone were measured in hens before, during, and after a forced molt induced by fasting. 2. Corticosterone increased at the onset of molt, peaked at the maximal molt and returned to pre- and post-molt levels. LH, E2 and progesterone declined during the molt, and the decline was coincident with the cessation of egg production. 3. Thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine(rT3) increased during the molt. The increases of T4 and T3 were not abolished even if the forced molt was conducted in mild weather.

Animals↗