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PubMed1994

Alternative medicine in the United States.

Since the term 'alternative medicine' is defined residually as anything not regular medicine, it is not a useful category. It needs further specification in order to facilitate empirical investigation of the many varied types of health practices it denotes: namely, primitive medicine, folk medicine, herbal medicine, homeopathy, chiropractic, naturopathy, faith healing. New Age Healing, etc. The author's earlier classification of health professions into ancillary, limited, marginal, and quasi practitioners offers a fruitful set of categories for investigating relationships between these groups and organized medicine, and the movement of these groups from one status to another. Examples are the evolution of osteopathy from marginal to full acceptance as orthodox, and chiropractic's putative evolution from marginal to a limited medical profession. Within the quasi professional group, further subclassification distinguishes between folk and primitive healers, faith healers, and quacks; also between those who heal using natural forces and those who frankly invoke supernatural forces or entities.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Short historical notes].

A review of some historical accounts in Medicine reveals concepts, clinical descriptions and prognosis of coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease in the recent past and in remote antiquity. Herein, the historical accounts disclosed include some concepts and terms utilized in reference to atherosclerosis: the oldest documentation of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in Egyptian mummies; the clinical syndrome of angor pectoris in the Ebers' papyrus, as well as clinical and prognostic data in the Corpus Hippocraticum regarding possible cases of angina, infarction and sudden death. These reports give a better insight into primitive medicine in the Ancient Western World, revealing the evolving concept of atherosclerosis and the existence of this disease in humanity's remote past.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed1991

[Ethnomedicine--history of medicine. Sciences of medical thinking and behavior of man].

Ethnomedicine and the history of medicine have in common the description of medical systems, whereby the separation is geographical in the former case and historical in the latter case. As experts in both fields are not at the same time practitioners of these medical systems, they depend on source material. The interpretation of these sources is largely subordinated to the subjective personal structure of the scientist on the one hand, and is closely related to epistemiological problems, coloured by the spirit of the times, on the other hand. Above all, many medical historians even today fall victim to an unjustified cultural evolutionism, according to which ethnomedical research work in the field of "primitive medicine" may be employed to reconstruct a fictive paleopathology. The cooperation which is nowadays established between ethnomedicine and the history of medicine concerns the common structures of medical systems in their social and cultural context--so-called pattern--with the aim of establishing a theory of medical thinking and behaviour of man.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

PubMed1994

[A short history of René Groupil, patron saint of anesthetists].

Born in 1608 near Angers, France, René Goupil looked after the native people at Sillery, Québec between 1640 and 1642 as surgeon and donné. Ambushed and captured by Mohawk warriors, he was killed in September 1642 near Auriesville NY. He was canonized in 1930. The life of Goupil is reviewed with regards to primitive medicine of the 17th century. In 1951, american nurse anesthetists chose René Goupil, health worker and saint of North America, as the patron saint of the anaesthetists. Since, he has been recognized by more and more practitioners of anaesthesia.

Anesthesiology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Biomedical investigation in Mexico].

Biomedical research as a professional specialty developed in the Western World in the following four stages: 1) primitive medicine based on magico-religious concepts; 2) hippocratic medicine (500 AD), which renounced supernatural ideas on disease; 3) scientific medicine (1543), which eschewed tradition and authority, and 4) finally in 1813, the first full-time professional biomedical investigator Claude Bernard was appointed in France. Notheless, the first full-time professional biomedical investigator in Mexico did not appear until 1939, and the number is still growing despite present restrictions to investigator growth and development.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1988

[Primary health care: reality or utopia in a developing country?].

Though it is 20 years since the acceptance, by member nations of WHO, of the concept of primary health care (PHC) as the best and cheapest means of achieving "Health for All in the Year 2000", most developing nations have made little or no progress toward its attainment. This is due, among other things, to a misconception of the meaning of PHC, by both developing and developed nations. While many developing nations see it as a new vertical programme, and therefore fail to integrate it into already existing ones, most developed nations take it, wrongly to mean that the developing nations should return to ancient, primitive medicine, which in earlier times led to high morbidity even in the developed nations. In the developing countries, there is still a disproportionately high concentration of resources in urban areas, and much more emphasis is still being placed on curative than on preventive measures. To achieve "Health for all in the Year 2000", therefore, a reorientation of both the developed and the developing nations is urgently needed.

Child↗

PubMed1986

[Therapy and suggestion].

Therapy and suggestion are closely related. That is clear for the ancient time: primitive medicine gives a good place to the Word. In plant, animal or mineral remedies, the suggestion is clearly preponderant. Towards the end of the 19th century, the "Ecole de Nancy" sets up a real theory of the suggestion, and Bernheim, its leader, bases hypnosis, then psychotherapy on this concept. Thereafter Coué will bring up the "conscious autosuggestion". Today, despite the progress of scientific medicine, the part of suggestion is still very important in medical therapy (with or without drugs), or in chirurgical therapy; this part is also very important in psychotherapies, whatever has been said in this field. This has to be known and used consciously in the doctor-patient relation, which is always essential in the therapeutic effectiveness.

Autosuggestion↗

PubMed1967