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Practice of rendering the elements of skilled surgical care to the wounded in Russian Army during the wars of first half of the XIX century has coincided with introduction of evacuation system into medical support of troops' military operations. With improvement of the last. advantages of medical-and-biologic science, military skills the battery sick quarters, dressing detachments providing the work of main dressing stations, the medical care main stations were subsequently included into the kit of medical service means of the formations. In December 1935 this process was ended with creation of division medical-and-sanitary battalion (deployed by the division medical station) that took an active part in rendering skilled surgical care to the wounded during the subsequent local military conflicts and wars.
The roots of German Aerospace Medicine are in Berlin. High altitude research was performed by physiologists like Nathan Zuntz and the very first Army flight surgeons, Koschel and Flemming. With the founding of the Scientific Society for Aeronautics in 1912, a medical committee was established to determine guidelines for the physical examination of flyers. In World War I aviation medicine became a military science, which came to an end with the Treaty of Versailles. In 1927, with the establishment of the first Aeromedical Institute in Hamburg, Ludolph Brauer restarted the civilian academic aeromedical research effort, which, thereafter, fell more and more under military influence. At the end of World War II, German scientists were invited to work at the USAAF Aero Medical Center (AMC) in Heidelberg (1945-47), to gather the results of German aeromedical research performed before and during the war. Some of this group of German scientists were invited to work in the USA. In Germany, on the other hand, the effect of this "brain drain" was a period of stagnation. In the 1950's, a new civilian institute of aviation medicine was established in Bonn. It grew to be the nucleus of the DLR Institute of Aviation Medicine in Cologne. The German Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine was founded in Fuerstenfeldruck in 1959, and in the GDR the Institute of Aviation Medicine was established in 1961: the first East German cosmonaut S. Jaehn 1978 (Soyuz-31), was succeeded by the first West German astronaut, U. Merbold in 1983 (Spacelab).
One role of Army Reserved Officer's Training Corps (ROTC) programs is to physically prepare cadets for the demands of a military career. Cadets participate in physical training 3 days per week as part of their military science curriculum. Limited research has been conducted on the fitness level of ROTC cadets; therefore, the purpose of this study was to profile the physical fitness status of a cadre of ROTC cadets. Forty-three cadets (30 men and 13 women) performed Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) assessments (2-mile run, 2-minute maximum push-ups and sit-ups) and clinical assessments of fitness (Bruce protocol Vo(2)max, underwater weighing, and 1 repetition maximum [1RM] bench press tests). Mean +/- standard deviations were calculated to provide the physical fitness profile for each parameter. Male cadets (21 +/- 2.2 years; height 177.4 +/- 6.6 cm; mass 79.2 +/- 9.4 kg) scored 49.6 +/- 6.1 ml.kg(-1).min(-1) for Vo(2)max, 14.8 +/- 4.2% fat, 86.5 +/- 24.9 kg 1RM bench press, 2-mile run of 13.97 +/- 1.4 minutes, 70.5 +/- 12.8 sit-ups, and 60.2 +/- 13.2 push-ups. Female cadets (20 +/- 2.4 years; height 165.1 +/- 8.0 cm; mass 63.5 +/- 10.0 kg) scored 40.8 +/- 3.9 ml.kg(-1).min(-1) for Vo(2) max, 23.9 +/- 3.8% fat, 35.3 +/- 8.2 kg 1RM bench press, 2-mile run of 17.0 +/- 1.6 minutes, 65.0 +/- 12.9 sit-ups, and 33.3 +/- 11.2 push-ups. The mean scores were above the 83rd percentile on all APFT items and average (percent fat) to above average (Vo(2)max and men's bench press scores) when compared with peer-age and sex-corrected norms. Only the women's bench press score was below average. With the exception of the women's bench press, these ROTC cadets possessed average to above average levels of fitness.
Foreword. In summarizing this symposium, I expressed to our hosts, the Office of Naval Research and the University of Pennsylvania, our deep appreciation for their hospitality and for what all agreed was the great success and stimulation of this meeting. It was rather good to see Government, and particularly military science, tied up with civilian science. It was also good to see the applied so deeply woven with the theoretical. We were concerned, of course, on the one hand, with the enormously important specific problems of the antibiotics, herbicides, and insecticides, with drug resistance and addiction, with the development of resistance to epidemics due to bacteria and other organisms. Yet, on the other hand, these very practical matters do reduce, I think, to the general theory of the interaction of systems with their environment over the course of time; and this is a problem of microevoluition. So we were dealing, for those 2(1/2) days, with modern experiments in the general field of evolution.
"Actilen" and "Vaulen" carbon fiber adsorbents in bunched, stapled and dispersed form for haemosorption, topical application and enterosorption have been developed. The sorbents possess homogeneously porous structure and chemically active surface which may be controlled in the process of material synthesis. Fiberous sorbents have stood toxicological trials and are now approved for clinical application. "Vaulen" enterosorbent developed by Leningrad Institute of Man-made Fibers and Composite Materials, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of White Russian Academy of Sciences, Military Medical Academy and White Russian Scientific Research Sanitary Institute is recommended by the Pharmacological Committee of Soviet Ministry of Public Health to be ready for clinical application. Actilen carbon fiber adsorbent for haemosorption and topical application therapy was awarded a gold medal at the 1984 Leipzig Fair.
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Nowadays the military toxicology becomes a division of a science that is to solve both academic and applied problems for a medical support system development necessary for the troops chemical defence and security in peace and war. As a classroom discipline it is to train military medics for a wide circle of toxicological issues' solution in the future.
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In connection with the formation of an independent Ukrainian state it is necessary that its own educational and scientific centre of military medicine be established in order that the system of the protection of the health of servicemen may function properly and medical services may be provided to the armed forces in time of war. Conceptual approaches and structural-logic scheme of preparing military medical personnel are suggested; tasks, organization and principles of functioning of the military medicine department at the Ukrainian State Medical University as the aforementioned centre are set forth.
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