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PubMed2006

Subjective assessment of a new moisturizing mouthwash for the symptomatic management of dry mouth.

OBJECTIVE: A randomized clinical trial and consumer usage test were conducted to evaluate the acceptability and benefits of OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash in subjects experiencing symptoms of dry mouth. METHODOLOGY: Study 1: A randomized, double blind, two-period crossover clinical trial was conducted in 49 subjects to evaluate OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash and an experimental mouthwash formulation. Following a three-day acclimatization phase, subjects used both products at home for three days. Each treatment phase was separated by a three-day washout period. Study 2: Subjects participated in a one- to two-week home usage consumer test using OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash, after which they completed a 52-question online survey exploring sensory benefits and resultant quality of life attributes of the product. RESULTS: Study 1: A total of 46 adults with a mean age of 64 years completed the study. On average, subjects used the test products three times per day. OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash was found to be beneficial in managing dry mouth, and was well-liked by the study population, as evidenced by a statistically significant improvement over subjects' normal remedies for managing dry mouth for strength of flavor, taste, freshening breath, immediate and long lasting lubrication, and moisturization. Both products were well-tolerated. Study 2: Three-hundred and twenty-three subjects completed a one- to two-week consumer home usage test followed by an online questionnaire. On a five-point scale, over 80% of respondents perceived the OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash as "excellent" or "very good" on sensory attributes such as taste and texture, and 70-80% gave the product an "excellent" or "very good" rating on benefit attributes. CONCLUSION: These studies showed that OASIS Moisturizing Mouthwash was beneficial in managing dry mouth, and was well-liked by the study population.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Acute ethanol toxicity from ingesting mouthwash in children younger than age 6, 1989-2003.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reports of suspected overingestion of mouthwash by children under age 6 and examine the effect of a 1995 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) rule requiring child-resistant packaging for mouthwashes containing at least 3 g (0.11 oz) of ethanol per package. METHODS: The volume of ethanol ingested per kg of body weight was computed for children at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. The potentially toxic and potentially lethal volumes of 100% ethanol at each weight were also determined. The authors used segmented regression to test the difference in slopes between 1989 to 1996 (preintervention) and 1996 to 2003 (postintervention). RESULTS: Incidence of overingestion rose from a low of 12.7 per 100,000 (1991) to 20.7 (1996). The increase ended with the adoption of the CPSC rule, declining to 16.8 per 100,000 in 2001 and rising to 17.9 in 2003. CONCLUSIONS: This study's analysis suggests that the CPSC rule requiring child-resistant packaging on containers of mouthwash containing 3 g or more of ethanol has been successful in reducing AAPCC's reports of mouthwash overingestion. Health care providers should take a more active role by informing parents of the dangers associated with accidental ingestion of ethanol-containing mouthwash. Manufacturers should print warnings about the potential hazard of high ethanol concentrations on labels more prominent and they should stop producing mouthwashes with such high concentrations of ethanol. Moreover, they should also consider discontinuing packaging mouthwash in large containers.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed2006

Effect of Cha-em Thai mouthwash on salivary levels of mutans streptococci and total IgA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cha-em Thai (Albizia myriophylla) mouthwash on the mutans streptococci (MS) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level in saliva. Sixty-seven schoolchildren, age 6-12 years, with MS more than 1x10(5) cfu per milliliter of saliva were entered in this study. They were divided into two balanced groups according to their baseline MS counts (> or = 10(5) cfu/ml). Each group was randomly assigned to use either the Cha-em Thai mouthwash or the placebo mouthwash. After twice daily rinses with their mouthwash for 2 weeks, stimulated saliva were collected and analysed. The MS counts and IgA levels for the two groups were compared. Those rinsing with Cha-em Thai mouthwash showed a significant reduction in MS counts (p<0.05), but the IgA levels were not different. Those rinsing with the placebo mouthwash showed no statistically significant differences in the MS counts or the IgA levels (p>0.05). The results indicate that twice daily use of Cha-em Thai mouthwash can reduce the levels of MS in saliva.

Albizzia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Breath alcohol values following mouthwash use.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breath alcohol values (BrAV) attained following mouthwash use pose a realistic threat to the accuracy of blood alcohol determinations by breath analysis. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, open-label trial. SETTING: Outpatient research office. PARTICIPANTS: Ten normal subjects; convenience sample. INTERVENTIONS: Breath alcohol measurements were made 2, 4, 6, 10, and 15 minutes following rinsing of the mouth with Listerine (26.9% alcohol) [corrected], Scope (18.9% alcohol), and Lavoris (6.0% alcohol) using the Alco-Sensor III intoximeter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breath alcohol values over time. RESULTS: Breath alcohol values following mouthwash use decayed exponentially (r2 > or = .98, P < .001) from mean values 2 minutes following mouthwash use of 52.8 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) for Listerine, 37.4 mmol/L (170 mg/dL) for Scope, and 7.9 mmol/L (36 mg/dL) for Lavoris to mean and maximum values after 10 minutes that were well below the usual driving-while-intoxicated range (> or = 17.6 mmol/L [80 mg/dL]) for all three brands. The nonalcoholic mouthwash ingredients did not significantly affect the BrAVs attained. CONCLUSION: The decay of BrAVs following mouthwash use is sufficiently rapid that mouthwash use would not pose a realistic threat to the accuracy of blood alcohol determinations by breath analysis under normal circumstances. Use of mouthwash immediately prior to breath testing, as might occur in the car or workplace in a mistaken attempt to hide the smell of alcohol or other substances, may, however, significantly increase the measured BrAV.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

"Clinical efficacy and expression of antimicrobial resistance genes after using a novel herbal mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine: A Randomised controlled trial in generalised gingivitis patients".

OBJECTIVES: Chlorhexidine, the gold-standard mouthwash, has several disadvantages, like promotion of antimicrobial resistance. Herbal mouthwashes are emerging as alternatives to chlorhexidine. However, its impact on antimicrobial resistance remains unclear. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy and the expression of antimicrobial resistance genes of chlorhexidine with a novel herbal mouthwash. DESIGN: Sixty patients with generalised gingivitis were randomly assigned to two groups using block randomisation. After professional mechanical plaque removal patients were instructed to use either chlorhexidine or a novel herbal mouthwash (patented composition) for two weeks. Tetracycline resistance (tetM) and macrolide efflux (mefI) gene expression in subgingival plaque were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intragroup comparisons were performed with a paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for parametric and nonparametric data. Intergroup comparisons employed unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: A significant reduction in bleeding, plaque, pocket depth and and patient reported outcomes were noticed in both groups. But reduction in plaque was more significant in chlorhexidine group. tetM and mefI genes significantly upregulated in the chlorhexidine group, while it was downregulated with herbal mouthwash (fold change 1.79 ± 0.74 and 0.60 ± 0.43 for tetM, and 1.83 ± 0.87 and 0.51 ± 0.44 for mefI). However, patients' perception of taste, freshness, and overall satisfaction was better in the chlorhexidine group. CONCLUSIONS: The increased expression of antimicrobial resistance genes following chlorhexidine use warrants careful consideration. Herbal mouthwash is an effective, safer alternative with comparable clinical benefits and less impact on antimicrobial resistance.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Effect of commercial mouthwashes on the corrosion resistance of Ti-10Mo experimental alloy.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of three commercial mouthwashes on the corrosion resistance of Ti-10Mo experimental alloy. Experiments were made at 37.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C in a conventional three-compartment double wall glass cell containing commercial mouthwashes. Three mouthwashes with different active ingredients were tested: (I) 0.05% sodium fluoride + 0.03% triclosan; (II) 0.5 g/l cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.05% sodium fluoride; (III) 0.12% chlorohexidine digluconate. The assessment of the individual effect of active ingredients was studied by using 0.05% sodium fluoride. Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) was used as control. Microstructures from Ti-10Mo experimental alloy and CP Ti were also evaluated using optical microscopy. Ti-10Mo as-cast alloy shows the typical rapidly cooled dendrites microstructure (beta phase) while CP Ti has exhibited a metastable martensitic microstructure. Electrochemical behavior of dental materials here studied was more affected by mouthwash type than by Ti alloy composition or microstructure. In both alloys passivation phenomenon was observed. This process may be mainly related to Ti oxides or other Ti species present in spontaneously formed film. Small differences in passive current densities values may be connected with changes in film porosity and thickness. Protective characteristics of this passive film are lower in 0.05% sodium fluoride + 0.03% triclosan mouthwash than in the other two mouthwashes tested.

Alloys↗

PubMed1999

The effect of parabens in a mouthwash and incorporated into a sustained release varnish on salivary bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of parabens, in a mouthwash and in a slow release device, against cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. METHODS: Parabens were formulated in a mouthwash or in a topical slow release varnish preparation. In two separate studies, volunteers were asked to use the mouthwash or the slow release varnish applied in a personal night guard device. The levels of mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli (LB) and total cultivated bacteria were measured before and after using the mouthwash or the slow release varnish. RESULTS: The mouthwash containing parabens had a minor and a short-term effect on MS and LB counts in human saliva. The use of slow release varnish containing parabens, applied in a night guard, had a prolonged antibacterial effect on both MS and LB counts. CONCLUSIONS: Parabens in a mouthwash had little effect on oral bacteria counts; however, paraben in the slow release device had a significant and an extended effect in reducing oral bacteria. Although substantial reductions in oral bacterial counts were recorded after the use of parabens in a slow release device, this effect could probably be enhanced by an improved pharmaceutical formulation.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1995

The use of sanguinarine in mouthwashes and toothpaste compared with some other antimicrobial agents.

Dental practitioners say that they get information to answer patients' queries on mouthwashes chiefly from their studies in periodontology and from articles in the British Dental Journal. Most practitioners who were asked about this knew of the benefits of Corsodyl (chlorhexidine) and fluoride-containing rinses, but few were aware of the active ingredients and effectiveness of the wide range of mouthwashes now on the market. The majority said they would welcome more information on this. This review was undertaken because there was a move to introduce mouthwashes containing sanguinarine into the UK. Part of its appeal would be that it is a natural therapeutic product, as distinct from a 'synthetic' or 'artificial' chemical. Information collected from scientific publications on sanguinarine, which has been in use in the USA and on the Continent in mouthwashes and toothpastes, is presented here. The consensus is that (a) it has some assets in curbing supragingival plaque, although it is uncertain whether the presence of zinc salts assists this, and (b) it is more effective in a mouthwash than in a toothpaste. It appears to be less effective than chlorhexidine, but no direct comparisons with triclosan preparations have been discovered. Like other mouthwashes, it does not affect subgingival plaque.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1999

Genetic fingerprinting in mouthwashes of patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Detection of chimerism by PCR analysis of short tandem repeats (STR) in blood samples of patients who received allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has proved to be an important method for early detection of relapse. The prerequisite for this type of analysis is knowledge of donor and recipient pretransplantation genotypes. In some cases, recipient cells from time points prior to BMT are not available and the pretransplant fingerprint cannot be determined. As BM recipients only alter their genotype in blood cells, we attempted to identify patient's pretransplantation genotypes after transplantation in mouthwash samples that contain easily accessible epithelial cells. Of 17 patients who had undergone BMT between one week and 45 months prior to analysis, DNA was isolated from mouthwash cell pellets or from epithelial cells obtained from mouthwashes. PCR analysis of STR loci in the von Willebrand and the tyrosine hydroxylase genes were performed. Even though the mouthwash cell pellets contained about 75% epithelial cells (presumably of recipient origin) and only about 25% leukocytes (presumably of donor origin), three of five patients showed donor genotype and only two patients exhibited chimeric DNA patterns, when cellular DNA was obtained by boiling of mouthwash cell pellets. Following phenol/chloroform extraction, eight of 10 DNA samples exhibited a chimeric pattern, while two of 10 DNAs showed only donor genotype. Of three patients, epithelial cells were attached to magnetic beads prior to DNA isolation. Even this DNA contained donor and recipient material. From our results it appears that blood cells serve as preferential DNA source in mouthwash samples and cannot be removed by epithelial cell separation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Galvanic corrosion between orthodontic wires and brackets in fluoride mouthwashes.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of fluoride in certain mouthwashes on the risk of corrosion through galvanic coupling of orthodontic wires and brackets. Two titanium alloy wires, nickel-titanium (NiTi) and copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi), and the three most commonly used brackets, titanium (Ti), iron-chromium-nickel (FeCrNi) and cobalt-chromium (CoCr), were tested in a reference solution of Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva and in two commercially available fluoride (250 ppm) mouthwashes, Elmex and Meridol. Corrosion resistance was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS), analysis of released metal ions, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of the metal surfaces after immersion of different wire-bracket pairs in the test solutions. The study was completed by an electrochemical analysis. Meridol mouthwash, which contains stannous fluoride, was the solution in which the NiTi wires coupled with the different brackets showed the highest corrosion risk, while in Elmex mouthwash, which contains sodium fluoride, the CuNiTi wires presented the highest corrosion risk. Such corrosion has two consequences: deterioration in mechanical performance of the wire-bracket system, which would negatively affect the final aesthetic result, and the risk of local allergic reactions caused by released Ni ions. The results suggest that mouthwashes should be prescribed according to the orthodontic materials used. A new type of mouthwash for use during orthodontic therapy could be an interesting development in this field.

Corrosion↗

PubMed2006

The effectiveness of commonly used mouthwashes for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a systematic review.

Daily chlorhexidine mouthwash is often recommended for preventing chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Povidone-iodine, NaCl 0.9%, water salt soda solution and chamomile mouthwash are also recommended. However, the effectiveness of these mouthwashes is unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of mouthwashes in preventing and ameliorating chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Based on study quality, three out of five randomized controlled trials were included in a meta-analysis. The results failed to detect any beneficial effects of chlorhexidine as compared with sterile water, or NaCl 0.9%. Patients complained about negative side-effects of chlorhexidine, including teeth discoloration and alteration of taste in two of the five studies on chlorhexidine. The severity of oral mucositis was shown to be reduced by 30% using a povidone-iodine mouthwash as compared with sterile water in a single randomized controlled trial. These results do not support the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash to prevent oral mucositis.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Hemostatic mouthwashes in anticoagulated patients undergoing dental extraction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of local acting hemostatic agents in patients who are undergoing dental extraction(s) and are taking oral anticoagulants. DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE (1966-July 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-July 2006), and EMBASE (1966-July 2006) was conducted using the key terms anticoagulation, warfarin, hemostatic mouthwashes, epsilon aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, dental extraction, and oral surgery. Bibliographies of relevant papers were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: English-language literature, including abstracts, clinical trials, and review articles, were reviewed. Clinical trials were included if they evaluated hemostatic mouthwashes in patients receiving continued anticoagulation and undergoing dental extractions or various oral surgeries including dental extraction. Eight clinical trials met study selection criteria for evaluation of hemostatic mouthwashes in anticoagulated patients undergoing dental extraction. Eight studies evaluated tranexamic acid; one assessed epsilon aminocaproic acid. All studies were reviewed for efficacy and safety of hemostatic mouthwashes and intensity of continued anticoagulation therapy. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eight small studies enrolled populations that varied in the indications for oral anticoagulation (OA), target INR ranges, and oral surgeries performed. Patients receiving uninterrupted OA and using hemostatic mouthwashes had no greater and, in some cases, lesser bleeding incidence compared with various other treatment groups (including interrupted OA, uninterrupted OA, autologous fibrin glue with uninterrupted OA, and reduced OA with heparin bridge). No severe adverse effects were reported. No studies assessed the risk of thromboembolism between the different treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in recent studies indicate that dental extractions in anticoagulated patients can be performed without temporary discontinuation of oral anticoagulant therapy with the use of hemostatic mouthwashes to control localized bleeding. This practice should be more widely adopted due to minimized bleeding and thromboembolic risks.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed1976

Effects of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes on bacterial plaque.

The purpose of this single blind clinical study was to determine the effects of two commerical mouthwashes (one containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide and the other containing only cetlypridinium chloride) on existing plaque accumulations. A second purpose was to determine if a residual effect could be shown 2 weeks after cessation of using these mouthwashes. A total of 120 adult subjects, who had been divided into three groups, were initially in the study. For a period of 31 days, the subjects in Group A rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide; Group B rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing only ceytlpyridinium chloride; and Group C served as controls and rinsed with colored flavored water. All subjects continued their normal home oral hygiene practices, except that mothwashes other than as assigned were forbidden. The subjects received three identical examinations to determine their plaque scores. The examinations were conducted the day preceding initiation; the day following cessation; and 15 days after cessation of the rinsing procedures. A total of 105 subjects received the first and second examinations, and 93 subjects received all three examinations. Based upon the data obtained, the daily use of each of the cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes tested, appears to be partially effective in reducing existing bacterial plaque accumulations. The cetylpyridinium chloride-domophen bromide product was slightly, but not significantly, more effective than the other commercial mouthwash. Neither commerical product demonstrated a significant residual effect 2 weeks after cessation of use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The mouthwash: a non-invasive sampling method to study cytokine gene polymorphisms.

BACKGROUND: We describe a simple, non-invasive mouthwash sampling method for rapid DNA isolation to detect cytokine gene polymorphisms. In the present paper, interleukin- 1beta(IL-1B) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) gene polymorphisms were studied. METHODS: Two mouthwash samples and blood samples were collected from 11 healthy individuals. The second mouthwash sample was stored for 7 days at room temperature. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to identify a bi-allelic polymorphism at position +3953 in the IL-1B gene and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the IL-1RN gene. RESULTS: Our results show that the typing of these cytokine gene polymorphisms using DNA isolated from mouthwash samples did not differ from those obtained by a phenol/chloroform isolation method from EDTA anti-coagulated blood. Moreover, reliable results from mouthwash samples were obtained after storage for at least 7 days at room temperature. CONCLUSIONS: Mouthwash can be the method of choice to study gene polymorphisms in periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine mouthwashes as adjuncts to single-stage dental implants: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: The growing popularity of non-submerged dental implants in recent years requires a greater emphasis on microbial plaque control. Chlorhexidine (CHX), the most commonly used mouthwash in implant surgery, is sometimes associated with tooth staining and alteration in taste perception. Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) mouthwash has been shown to have anti-infective properties; however, it has not been tested as an adjunct anti-infective means in non-submerged dental implants. The purpose of this trial was to compare AmF/SnF2 and CHX mouthwashes as adjuncts to single-stage dental implants. METHODS: Thirty-three patients aged 34 to 79 (mean 54.30 +/- 8.69 SD) requiring dental implants were accepted into the study. Following comprehensive periodontal therapy patients received one to three non-submerged dental implants (maxilla: 17; mandible: 45; anterior: 3, posterior: 59). After surgery patients were given analgesics and antibiotics as well as 2,400 ml of coded mouthwash bottles previously randomized between the two above mentioned formulations. Clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and 3 and 12 months post-surgery. RESULTS: Twelve-month survival rates were 100% and 92.9% for the AmF/SnF2 and CHX groups, respectively. Compliance was slightly higher in the AmF/SnF2 group (84.35% +/- 3.39% versus 78.15% +/- 4.59% SE) but statistically similar. There was no statistically significant difference between the AmF/SnF2 and CHX groups in staining index at 3 months (1.519 +/- 0.22 versus 1.457 +/- 0.24 SE) and patient subjective evaluation of the mouthwashes. Radiographic bone loss was 0.79 +/- 0.23 and 1 +/- 0.13 SE at 3 months and 1.06 +/- 0.13 and 1.27 +/- 0.25 at 12 months for the CHX and AmF/SnF2 groups, respectively; the difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.388 and 0.504, respectively). CONCLUSION: Both CHX and AmF/SnF2 mouthwashes can be used post-surgically after one-stage implant surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Influence of additional active ingredients on the effectiveness of non-alcoholic chlorhexidine mouthwashes: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic chlorhexidine mouthwashes are equally effective and have fewer potential risks than hydroalcoholic solutions. Nowadays, other active ingredients are added to these mouthwashes in an attempt to improve their effectiveness and reduce side effects. Following an experimental gingivitis model, this study examined three non-alcoholic commercial mouthwashes having 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in common. METHODS: Using a double masked, cross-over design, 30 subjects underwent three consecutive experimental phases with three mouthwashes: CHX, CHX + 0.05% sodium fluoride (CHXNaF), and CHX + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CHX-CPC). In each one of these 21-day phases, the subjects discontinued all oral hygiene measures and were treated exclusively with the experimental mouthwash randomly assigned (an oral rinse twice a day). Each experimental phase was preceded by a 14-day washout period. Levels of gingivitis, dental plaque, supragingival calculus, and dental staining were assessed at baseline and end (day 21) of experimental phases. RESULTS: The evolution of gingival and dental staining indices did not show statistically significant differences between the treatments. Differences were noticed in the plaque index (P = 0.0002), with CHX-NaF the treatment with the greatest increase. Differences were also observed in the supragingival calculus index (P = 0.0136), with CHX-CPC showing a smaller increase. Tongue staining was more frequent with CHX-CPC (P = 0.0141). CONCLUSION: In non-alcoholic 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwashes, the addition of other active ingredients does not produce beneficial effects, but may even reduce the antiplaque effectiveness or increase tongue staining.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro toxicity assessment of mouthwashes in the pollen tube growth test: first results.

Mouthwashes are widespread used to treat halitosis or minor oral infections. Adverse effects of mouthwashes were recognized, e.g. desquamation of the oral mucosa and stomatitis. The acute toxicity of mouthwashes was tested in an in vitro system, the pollen tube growth test (PTG-test). In the PTG-test the acute toxicity of mouthwashes exceeds the toxic effect of alcohol. Consumers should be informed about the number and amounts of mouthwash ingredients, and their toxic potential. These declarations would provide the basis for testing the carcinogenic effects of mouthwashes.

Ethanol↗

PubMed2000

Chlorhexidine and taste. Influence of mouthwashes concentration and of rinsing time.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to define the influence of chlorhexidine on taste, considering either its concentration in mouthwashes or time of rinsing. METHODS: Suprathreshold taste acuity of 40 healthy subjects tasting variously concentrated solutions of sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid and quinine hydrochloride was determined. Subjects were divided into four groups. Three groups rinsed their mouths during one minute, twice a day, for seven days, with a selected mouthwash (respectively 0.12%, 0.20%, and 0.30% chlorhexidine solutions). The fourth group rinsed in the same manner with a 0.30% chlorhexidine mouthwash, and time of rinsing was 15". RESULTS: All the mouthwashes reduced taste acuity for salt and bitter; the perception of sweet and sour was not significantly modified. Chlorhexidine acted on taste in different ways: salt perception reached the lowest value on the second day of treatment and the degree of hypogeusia changed no more till mouthrinses were interrupted. Bitter perception was progressively reduced and reached the lowest value on the seventh day. In both cases taste reduction lasted some days after the interruption of mouthrinses. Quality of all tastes was altered by mouthwashes, but incidence of dysgeusia was not related to chlorhexidine concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Hypogeusia induced by chlorhexidine concerns specifically salt and bitter. Chlorhexidine concentration in mouthwashes till 0.12% and mucosa exposure not exceeding 60" twice a day, seem the best procedure to protect tastes in clinical practice.

Adult↗