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PubMed2000

[A study on bark quality of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the main factors influencing the bark quality of Magnolia officinalis so as to theoretically establish a basis for quality assessment, genetic improvement and layout of bark producing areas. METHOD: Eighty-two samples from the main bark producing areas(11 counties of 7 provinces such as Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Hubei) were collected. Totally there were 121 samples, including 39 from the trial stand located in Jingning of Zhejiang the obtained out of the seeds from the bark producing areas mentioned above. HPLC was used in the analysis of phenols contained in the bark of Magnolia officinalis. RESULT: The main factors influencing the bark quality have been made clear. CONCLUSION: The quality is affected by provenance, leaf shape, DBH, tree height, crown size, age, bark thickness color of bark powder, oiliness, grounding nature, bark type, position of sampling, etc., of which provenance, leaf shape, powder color, bark thickness and DBH are the most influential factors. These factors should be fully considered when making quality assessment and genetic improvement of the bark of Magnolia officinalis.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed1998

[Study on the relationship between provenance, leaf type and quality in Magnolia officinalis].

An analysis of effective ingredients in 20 to 29 year old Magnolia officinalis of three different leaf types coming from various sources shows that the content of phenols differ extremely significantly in various leaf types which are a key to determination of quality of Magnolia officinalis also varies significantly among different sources which only have a significant effect on the content of magnolol. Varieties and types cultivated in different places are responsible for the variation in content of magnolol. The conclusions obtained from this study coincide with the traditional insight into quality of Magnolia officinalis.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed1999

[A study on the relationship between tree age and bark quality in Magnolia officinalis].

Contents of magnolol and honokiol in 76 samples of Magnolia officinalis collected from 11 counties in Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei are analyzed by means of HPLC. A study on the effect of tree age on effective ingredients in Magnolia offcinalis shows that the influence of tree age on the content of magnolol and honokiol is correlated with the varieties under cultivation, but a small effect on the content of the phenols with an indent at the tip of leaves. The content of magnolol in other types of leaves increases rapidly with increase in age, diameter of the trunk and thickness of the bark, with not many changes found at the age of 12 or up. Increase in age may be favorable to the full expression of oily characteristic. These results provide a scientific base for the determination of optimal time for harvesting bark from artificially established Magnolia officinalis stands.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

[Study on genuineness of traditional Chinese medicine cortex Magnoliae officinalis].

It's found that a significant correlation between the samples of Magnoliae officinalis from the provenance in phenols content and varieties or forms. The total content of magnolol and honokiol in its bark is usually used as an index to measure the quality. Therefore, Cortex Magnoliae officinalis produced in Sichuan and Hubei being considered genuinenss and good in quality, should be actually referred to local varieties. This conclusion can also reveals the nature and scientific connotation of genuineness on Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed2000

[GC-MS analysis of chemical components in essential oil from Flos magnoliae].

In this paper, the chemical components and their relative contents of essential oil in three kinds of Xinyi(Magnolia biondii, Magnolia denudata and Magnolia sprengeri) were identified and analyzed by GC-MS. The main components are 1,8-cineole, sabinene, beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, etc.

Bicyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of Magnolia grandiflora extracts in guinea pigs cardiac muscle].

Several extracts from diverse Magnolia grandiflora varieties were pharmacological evaluated in the cardiac muscle. From March to July, flowers and leaves from Magnolia grandiflora, native from the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", from north, west, and orient zones from Mexico City, and from Puebla, Colima and Chiapas states were collected. They were separately processed and the extracts were obtained by maceration with ethanol-water (1:3 v/v) at 4 degrees C during two weeks. Qualitative analysis was accomplished with thin-layer, column and high-performance liquid chromatographies (HPLC). Functional and molecular analysis was made by specific chemical reactivity and by protonic magnetic resonance (RMN 1H). Pharmacological evaluation was completed in isolated and perfused male guinea pigs hearts. Extracts, fractions, and compounds were administrated by serial bolus in a gradual dose-response curves study in which left intraventricular pressure and coronary perfusion pressure were recorded, evaluating by such the positive inotropic and vasodilator effects of Magnolia grandiflora extracts. Vulgarenol and 2-p-hydroxyphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamine were isolated and identified, and the obtained results suggest that its positive inotropic and vasodilator effects are owed to these substances, being complemented by magnograndiolide and tyramine.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on the megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development of their female and male gametophyte in Magnolia biloba].

The anther of Magnolia biloba is tetrasporangiate with glandular tapetum, which consists of one or two layers of cells. Cytokinesis during meiosis of its microspore mother cell is modified simultaneous type, and the microspore tetrads are isobilateral. Mature pollen grains are two-celled. Tetrad cells and microspores are irregularly shaped during the microsporogenesis. There were two ovules on the ventral surface of unicarpellate ovary wall. Ovules were anatropous, bitegmnous and crassinucellar. Archesporial cell was one cell and differentiated from cell in the second layer beneath epidermis. The development of the embryo sac conformed to the polygonum type. The embryological characteristics of Magnolia biloba are very similar to those of other species in Magnoliaceae. The megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development of their female and male gametophyte are partially abnormal. Abnormal phenomena in the process of reproduction of Magnolia biloba causing this species to be endangered was discussed.

Gametogenesis, Plant↗

PubMed2006

Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause.

AIM: Affective and behavioural disorders possibly concomitant to the vasomotor menopausal symptoms worsen quality of life. A rational formulation containing soy isoflavones (60 mg), lactobacilli (500 millions spores), calcium (141 mg) and vitamin D3 (5 microg) was added of Magnolia bark extract (60 mg) and magnesium (50 mg) (Estromineral serena, ES). The Magnolia extract active principles interact with GABA system and exhibit a sedative central action. Magnesium intervenes in enzymatic reactions of the energetic metabolism and protects the bone integrity. Aim of this controlled study was to compare the clinical activity and safety of ES versus calcium+vitamin D3 (Ca+D) in menopause. METHODS: A controlled, randomised, multicentre study was carried out in symptomatic menopausal women with sleep or mood alterations. Women received 1 tablet/day of ES or Ca+D for 24 weeks. Symptoms during the treatment and final judgements on efficacy and acceptability were evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-nine women (44 ES and 45 Ca+D, mean age 53.8 years, in menopause since 56.6 months) participated to the study. Flushing, nocturnal sweating, palpitations, insomnia, asthenia, anxiety, mood depression, irritability, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and libido loss, significantly decreased in severity and frequency during ES versus Ca+D treatment even since the fourth week. Woman wellbeing (good/very good 66.7% vs 20%) judgement on efficacy (72.7% vs 17.1%) and acceptability (93.9% vs 31.4%) were significantly better for ES. CONCLUSIONS: The controlled study showed the efficacy of Magnolia extract and magnesium on psycho-affective and sleep disturbances in menopause, in addition to the effects of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms. A global natural approach to menopause with ES evidenced its therapeutic usefulness and safety.

Calcium↗

PubMed2006

[Identification of Magnolia biondii Pamp by X-Ray diffraction Fourier pattern method].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a new identification and analysis method of Magnolia biondii Pamp. METHODS: Powder X-Ray diffraction fourier fingerprint pattern method. RESULT: Experiment and analysis were carried out on five samples. The standard X-Ray diffraction Fourier fingerprint pattern method and characteristic diffraction peaks of Magnolia biondii Pamp were obtained. CONCLUSION: The method can be used for the identification of Magnolia biondii Pamp.

Drug Contamination↗

PubMed2003

Proteomic analysis of Candida magnoliae strains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.

Candida magnoliae which has been newly isolated from honey comb is an osmotolerant yeast to produce erythritol as a major product. Erythritol is a noncariogenic, low calorie sweetener and safe for diabetics. Strain development by chemical mutation to obtain the improved erythritol yield and productivity relative to the parental strain made it necessary to elucidate the physiological differences between the wild and mutant strains. Proteomic analyses of C. magnoliae wild and mutant strains with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry were carried out to identify intracellular proteins and to estimate the effects of newly characterized metabolic enzymes on the yeast cell growth and erythritol production. Most of the molecular mass of intracellular proteins were distributed in the range of pI 4-8 and molecular mass of approximately 130 kDa. Six out of nine protein spots expressed at different levels between the wild and mutant strains were analyzed with nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry and identified by comparing amino acid sequences with the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Saccharomyces Genome Databases. Except for Ygr086cp, these proteins were believed to be the metabolic enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase, succinyl-CoA ligase and fumarase) and the glycolysis pathway (pyruvate decarboxylase and enolase). Up-regulated enzymes in the citric acid cycle could explain high growth of the C. magnoliae mutant strain owing to the increased NADH and ATP formation. Down-regulated enolase and up-regulated fumarase in the mutant strain seemed to play a role in the improved bioconversion of erythrose-4-phosphate to erythritol compared with the wild strain.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

Strategic proteome analysis of Candida magnoliae with an unsequenced genome.

Erythritol is a noncariogenic, low calorie sweetener. It is safe for people with diabetes and obese people. Candida magnoliae is an industrially important organism because of its ability to produce erythritol as a major product. The genome of C. magnoliae has not been sequenced yet, limiting the available proteome database. Therefore, systematic approaches were employed to construct the proteome map of C. magnoliae. Proteomic analysis with systematic approaches is based on two-dimensional electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and database interrogation. First, 24 spots were analyzed using peptide mass fingerprinting along with MALDI-TOF MS with high mass accuracy. Only four spots were reliably identified as carbonyl reductase and its isoforms. The reason for low sequence coverage seemed to be that these identification strategies were based on the presence of the protein database obtained from the publicly accessible genome database and the availability of cross-species protein identification. MS/MS (MS/MS ion search and de novo sequencing) in combination with similarity searches allowed successful identification of 39 spots. Several proteins including transaldolase identified by MS/MS ion searches were further confirmed by partial sequences from the expressed sequence tag database. In this study, 51 protein spots were analyzed and then potentially identified. The identified proteins were involved in glycolysis, stress response, other essential metabolisms and cell structures.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

RNA editing in the cox3 mRNA of Magnolia is more extensive than in other dicot or monocot plants.

The Magnoliaceae are discussed as one of the key species at the root of the flowering plants. To obtain molecular information for one of these phylogenetically interesting plant species, we determined genomic and cDNA sequences of the mitochondrial cox3 gene in Magnolia grandiflora. Twenty-two RNA editing events are identified to alter cytidines in the mRNA to uridines, all but one of which change the encoded amino acid identity. RNA editing in the cox3 coding region is thus more frequent in Magnolia than in other dicot or monocot plants investigated and almost as predominant as in some gymnosperms. The cox3 RNA editing frequency in Magnolia thus occupies an intermediate position between angiosperms and gymnosperms consistent with the phylogenetic position of the Magnoliales.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Purification and characterization of a novel erythrose reductase from Candida magnoliae.

Erythritol biosynthesis is catalyzed by erythrose reductase, which converts erythrose to erythritol. Erythrose reductase, however, has never been characterized in terms of amino acid sequence and kinetics. In this study, NAD(P)H-dependent erythrose reductase was purified to homogeneity from Candida magnoliae KFCC 11023 by ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The molecular weights of erythrose reductase determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography were 38,800 and 79,000, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme is homodimeric. Partial amino acid sequence analysis indicates that the enzyme is closely related to other yeast aldose reductases. C. magnoliae erythrose reductase catalyzes the reduction of various aldehydes. Among aldoses, erythrose was the preferred substrate (K(m) = 7.9 mM; k(cat)/K(m) = 0.73 mM(-1) s(-1)). This enzyme had a dual coenzyme specificity with greater catalytic efficiency with NADH (k(cat)/K(m) = 450 mM(-1) s(-1)) than with NADPH (k(cat)/K(m) = 5.5 mM(-1) s(-1)), unlike previously characterized aldose reductases, and is specific for transferring the 4-pro-R hydrogen of NADH, which is typical of members of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily. Initial velocity and product inhibition studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the reduction proceeds via a sequential ordered mechanism. The enzyme required sulfhydryl compounds for optimal activity and was strongly inhibited by Cu(2+) and quercetin, a strong aldose reductase inhibitor, but was not inhibited by aldehyde reductase inhibitors and did not catalyze the reduction of the substrates for carbonyl reductase. These data indicate that the C. magnoliae erythrose reductase is an NAD(P)H-dependent homodimeric aldose reductase with an unusual dual coenzyme specificity.

Aldehyde Reductase↗

PubMed1996

Inhibitory effect of magnosalin derived from Flos magnoliae on tube formation of rat vascular endothelial cells during the angiogenic process.

An aqueous water extract of Flos magnoliae, a Japanese Sino-medicine, inhibits angiogenesis in adjuvant-induced mouse pouch granuloma. Magnosalin (MSA) and magnoshinin (MSI), neolignans isolated from magnolia, have a crucial role in the anti-angiogenic effect of magnolia (Kimura et al., Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 93, 365 (1990); Phytother. Res., 6, 209 (1992)). We investigated the effects of these neolignans on tube formation of endothelial cells (EC) cultured in type I collagen gel during the angiogenic process. MSA (0.1-10 microM), MSI (0.23-7 microM) and corticosterone (CS: 0.3-30 microM) inhibited fetal bovine serum (FBS)-stimulated tube formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Their 30% inhibitory concentration (IC30, 95% confidence limits) values were 0.51 (0.20-1.27) for MSA, 8.14 (2.48-26.7) for MSI and 3.65 microM (2.47-5.40) for CS, respectively. MSA and MSI (1-3 microM) also inhibited interleukin (IL)-1 alpha-stimulated tube formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Their IC50 values (95% confidence limits) were 1.22 (1.01-1.47) for MSA and 0.74 microM (0.24-2.31) for MSI against a submaximal concentration (69 pM) of IL-1 alpha-stimulated tube formation. Their inhibitory effects on the action of IL-1 alpha were non-competitive. These results demonstrate that MSA inhibited FBS-stimulated tube formation with a greater potency than MSI. The inhibitory effect of MSA on the action of FBS differed from that on the action of IL-1 alpha.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Study on HPLC-FPS of cortex magnoliae officinalis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the HPLC-FPS of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, the substitute species and counterfeits from different habitats, and to obtain the sameness and differences. METHOD: HPLC-FPS was used. RESULTS: There were sameness and differences between two certified Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, which were easily distinguished from their substitute species and counterfeits. CONCLUSION: The HPLC-FPS can provide the useful information for the quality estimation and plant source of Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed2006

A comparative study of upright counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatograpohy for preparative isolation and purification ofphenolic compounds from Magnoliae officinalis.

A comparative study of preparative isolation and purification of the phenolic compounds magnolol and honokiol from the Chinese medicinal plant Magnoliae officinalis by upright counter-current chromatography (CCC) and semi-preparative HPLC is presented. The comparison reveals that with a two-phase solvent system composed of light petroleum (bp 60-90 degrees C)-ethyl acetate-tetrachloromethane-methanol-water (1:1:8:6:1, v/v), 1250 mg of honokiol and 520 mg of magnolol, with a purity of 98.7 and 99.5%, respectively, were obtained from 2.0 g of a crude sample of Magnoliae officinalis in a single CCC separation. In contrast, semi-preparative HPLC allowed isolation and purification of these two phenolic compounds with significantly lower productivity and higher solvent consumption. Structures of the purified compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR.

Biphenyl Compounds↗

PubMed2002

Anti-platelet effect of the constituents isolated from the barks and fruits of Magnolia obovata.

In the course of our work on anti-platelet constituents from plants, five phenolic compounds, magnolol, honokiol, obovatol, methyl caffeate, and syringin, were isolated from the methanol extracts of the barks and fruits of Magnolia obovata. The compounds were identified based on the spectroscopic data. Methyl caffeate was isolated for the first time from the genus Magnolia and it showed 3 approximately 4-folds higher potency than ASA. The activities of obovatol and honokiol were comparable to ASA. Magnolol and syringin showed only very mild inhibitory effects to all the stimulators.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Isolation and purification of honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae officinalis by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography was used to isolate and purify honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.), a plant used in the traditional Chinese medicine. A crude sample, 150 mg, was successfully separated with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:0.4:1:0.4, v/v), and the fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The separation produced 80 and 45 mg of honokiol and magnolol with purities of 99.2 and 98.2%, respectively, in 2.5 h.

Biphenyl Compounds↗