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PubMedDate not supplied

The structure of the human population of the Isles of Scilly: inferences from surnames and birthplaces listed in census and marriage records.

Investigation of the commonality of surnames among the isles of Scilly using data covering the period from 1726 to the present, yields coefficients of relationship by isonymy which are compared with measures of relationship based on marital migration rates. The coefficients of relationship, calculated from lists of surnames in the marriage registers, and from lists of male surnames from the 1851 and 1871 censuses, are higher than any values yet reported for other British populations. However, the coefficient of relationship between the islands as a whole and the mainland of England and Wales is similar to the values reported for other English populations. Comparison of coefficients of relationship by marital isonymy show an overall decrease in the frequency of such marriages over time and a slight tendency to avoid marriages between close relatives. The lack of correlation between coefficients of relationship by random isonymy and marital migration rates derived from the census data is believed to be due to fluctuations in marriage patterns over time, the marital migration rates accounting for single generational patterns, while the coefficients of relationship by isonymy reflect the accumulated breeding structure. The chief influences on the coefficients of relationship appear to have been the founder effect, coupled with a long history of inter-island marriage but a high rate of endogamy from the islands as a whole.

England↗
PubMed1992

Religion and fertility in the United States: new patterns.

In the United States, the baby boom-era pattern of high Catholic and low Protestant fertility has ended. Among non-Hispanic whites in the 1980s, Catholic total fertility rates (TFRs) were about one-quarter of a child lower than Protestant rates (1.64 vs. 1.91). Most of the Protestant-Catholic difference is related to later and less frequent marriage among Catholics. Future research on the demography of religious groups should focus on explaining the delayed marriage pattern of Catholics, the high fertility of Mormons and frequently attending Protestants, and the very low fertility of those with no religious affiliation.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1977

Predominance of extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to independent farms in a mountain valley in Norway between 1600 and 1850.

The marriages contracted between 1600 and 1850 in the parishes Vang and Slidre in the mountain valley of Valdres in Norway were investigated, using the information in the genealogical and local history of the parishes and in various public archives. The parishes functioned as a marriage isolate, in spite of regular communication with neighbouring districts. Only 54 of 4334 marriages were with residents outside the parishes, and marriages with a non-farming class (clergy) were as rare (47); 1130 marriages were probably between offspring of crofters and independent farmers. The further analysis concerns 3103 marriages contracted by the eldest sons and other heirs to 463 of the 493 farms, with members of the farming class within the parishes. Because of the linear settlement with clusters of same-named farms along both sides of the river, marital distance was measured by counting the number of farm-clusters (neighbourhood steps) between places of birth. In comparison with expectation when the marriage partner is chosen at random, marriages within the cluster occurred 13 times more frequently than expected, with an adjoining cluster 8 times more frequently and with a neighbour 1-2 clusters away 6 times as frequently as expected. One-third of the 3103 marriages were contracted within a distance of two clusters or less, and 60% eight clusters or less apart. A marital distance of 15 clusters (= 7 km) included 74% of the marriages. The predominance of a marriage pattern based on such geographical proximity must necessarily imply similarity in genetic structure of the descendants. Close consanguineous mating was apparently consciously avoided. This extreme geographical proximity of the spouses of heirs to the independent farms is probably explained by the function of a marriage as a contract to benefit the farm: promoting good neighbourliness and preventing quarrels and lawsuits related to the already very complicated ownership of cultivated land.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia.

The hypothesis is presented that the etiology of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental: schizophrenia is a disorder occurring in extremely late maturers, whereas manic-depressive psychosis affects early maturers. This hypothesis is related to recent neurobiological findings and also to the following epidemiological and demographic topics covered by the author in her review of social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia: Kretschmer's observations of body type differences between patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis; trends in the incidence of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in industrialized versus developing economies; changing epidemiology of the subtypes of schizophrenia and of manic-depressive psychosis; sex differences in manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia; fertility and childlessness in schizophrenia; selection for marriage in schizophrenia; marriage patterns, inbreeding, and schizophrenia; social class, social mobility, and occupation in schizophrenia; social mobility and social selection; excess of schizophrenia in the lowest strata of society; social class, course, and outcome; and social stress and schizophrenia.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1988

Racial differences in contraceptive choice: complexity and implications.

Previous research has failed to generate consensus about why black fertility has persistently exceeded that of whites in the United States. In an effort to shed light on this question, this article examines black/white differences in sociodemographic factors affecting contraceptive choice. Using data from the 1976 and 1982 National Surveys of Family Growth, we find a complex pattern of black/white differences. Not only does contraceptive choice vary by race, but the effects of such variables as age, marital status, and education also differ between blacks and whites. For example, compared with whites, black married women avoid coital methods, and compared with blacks, white women shift contraceptive behavior more as they change marital status. The complex nature of the racial differences in contraceptive choice are interpreted as reflecting differences in marriage patterns and trends.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Patterns of work--rheumatoid arthritis.

Fifty rheumatoid adults successfully competing in full time competitive work were interviewed to determine the factors which distinguish this group and enable their continuing work, which included physical and social barriers and aids to working full time. The data indicate that as a whole they had significant disease, most falling in functional class 2 and 3 (ARA). As a group they were well educated with occupations mirroring their educational attainments. Almost all had inside jobs and most had worked for long times in their occupations. The majority did not change occupations after disease onset and many had been in their jobs for years, often in the same firm. Promotions were few. They had stable marriage patterns. Patients were motivated for work and did what was necessary to get to work despite their disease. These workers had a low level of absenteeism, enjoyed their jobs and felt that personal desire was the most important factor in keeping at work. From consideration of the disease itself, in addition to upper and lower extremity problems, morning stiffness, fatigue and public transport difficulties were highlighted and focus attention on the need to better control these features of the disease and environment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use and annual acceptors required for fertility transition: results of a projection model.

Major fertility declines in developing countries are invariably accompanied by large increases in contraceptive prevalence and in the annual number of new acceptors. This article applies a target-setting model to make hypothetical projections of trends in prevalence and number of acceptors over the course of a full fertility transition. The sensitivity of these trends to variations in proximate determinants such as the marriage pattern and the duration of lactational amenorrhea, as well as in the discontinuation rate and the method mix, are examined. It is concluded that a contraceptive prevalence of around 75 percent is needed to achieve replacement-level fertility and that variations in proximate determinants other than contraceptive prevalence have only a modest effect on this result. On the other hand, trends in new acceptors are demonstrated to be very sensitive to discontinuation rate changes. As a consequence, it is generally difficult to draw conclusions about trends in fertility from trends in acceptors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Factors affecting the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus among non-pregnant women in the Alexishafen area of Papua New Guinea.

The prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers was studied in 673 women of childbearing age in 17 villages (12 indigenous and five plantation villages) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. Some 7.9% of women were HBsAg positive and 41.3% were positive for anti-HBs. There was significant variation in prevalence between villages, ranging from 0 to 13.9% for HBsAg and 26.0 to 71.0% for all markers. The 12 indigenous villages were classified into three groups according to language (Austronesian or non-Austronesian), location (inland or coastal), and marriage patterns. The prevalence of hepatitis B was significantly higher in Austronesian than in non-Austronesian villages (P less than 0.01), and it remained significant after controlling for age differences and for possible effects on prevalence caused by women marrying into the three village groups from other areas. Interactions between malaria and hepatitis B were also investigated. Non-Austronesian villages with the highest spleen rates had the lowest prevalence of hepatitis B infection, and there was no correlation with parasitaemia. These results may reflect a lower exposure of women to hepatitis B infection in non-Austronesian villages, or may indicate different genetic or immunological responses to infection between Austronesians and non-Austronesians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Changes in age at marriage of women in rural north India.

There has been a dramatic increase in age at marriage for women in a rural area of north India. Age at marriage rose from under 12 years before 1930 to about 19 years in 1988, mainly as a result of socioeconomic development and advances in education of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic variation in Brac, Croatia.

A serological survey of the Dalmatian island of Brac (Croatia), based on a total sample of 747 subjects, shows considerable local genetic variation. While the overall gene frequencies are much as expected from the island's geographical position, the local genetic heterogeneity is made up of differences between the inland and coastal villages, differences between the two coastal areas, and variation among the older inland villages. This heterogeneity is interpreted as deriving from the settlement process (founder effect), random differentiation, and the essentially local marriage pattern.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1991

Founder effect in 20 Afrikaner kindreds with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

The pedigrees of 20 families with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were investigated. The analyses involved 13 generations up to and including the initial settlers, who arrived in the Cape before 1660. Four settler surnames predominate in these pedigrees. Because of the marriage patterns of the settlers' descendants it was necessary to classify the four surnames into two groups. It is suggested that these two groups are the founder groups of present-day PXE patients. Similar genealogical studies have been performed on kindreds with familial polyposis, familial heart block and familial hypercholesterolaemia, among other disorders. Due to geographical isolation, political developments and cultural factors in the Afrikaner, these investigations are feasible and often lead to the identification of founder origin.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Biology of the people of Sikkim, India. 2. Colour blindness, ear lobe attachment, mid-phalangeal hair and behavioural traits.

14 population groups of Sikkim (India)--Lepchas (2), Bhutias (2), Sherpas, Tamangs, Gurungs, Mangars, Rais, Limboos/Subbas, Pradhans (Newars), Brahmans, Chhetris, Scheduled Castes--have been studied in regard of the intra- and intergroup variability of colour blindness, ear lobe attachment, mid-phalangeal hair and behavioural traits (tongue folding, hand clapsing, arm folding, leg folding, handedness). Some of these variables show a considerable distribution heterogeneity, which is discussed considering history and marriage patterns of these populations. As most of them are highly endogamous one can assume that this heterogeneity is caused by locally acting factors such as drift and/or founder effects, which could be preserved due to as good as lacking gene flow among the populations under study. Beyond that the Sikkim data are compared briefly with those reported for other Indian and Asiatic populations.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1985

Religion and adolescent sexuality.

The health professional can be helpful to the adolescent, the adolescent's family, and the community through participating in and initiating local sex education programs. Religious settings provide a great potential for sexuality education within a value framework. A helpful curriculum will include the meaning of sexuality; developing a positive concept of sexuality, and a healthy sexual identity; present the issues of adolescent sexuality, including the various health issues; and an understanding of quality relationships within the family and among peers. If health professions and the community religious institutions can joint together, they can reach the goals of most programs in human sexuality, namely, "learning to appreciate our sexuality as a positive potential for self-expression, fulfillment and intimacy; respect for the personhood and well-being of others; and responsible decision-making."

Abortion, Induced↗