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PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality control in microbiology (author's transl)].

The microbiology quality control importance is emphasized and some particular problems that quality control presents in microbiology are also indicated. There are two types of microbiology quality control as well as for hematology and chemical chemistry: collective quality control, between more laboratories, and individual quality control, in the sphere of each laboratory. A.M.O.I. (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) and I.S.V.T. (Istituto Sieroterapico Vaccinogeno Toscano) Sclavo collaborating, have organized a collective quality control between laboratories of different hospitals during the year 1974 and 1975. The results of this control are reported. Although preliminary, they indicate practical importance of microbiology control. During 1975, in fact, the pathogens isolated have been in high percentage than 1976. At last, the future quality control's program aiming at methods's standardization and technical, methodical instructions is indicated.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1978

[Search for nucleic acid influencing, as well as membrane active, potential cancerostatic fungal metabolites using microbiological and cytological screening methods].

A prescreening program including microbiological and cytological assays was employed in search of potential cancerostatic antibiotics in crude extracts of mushrooms. The microbiological tests based on agar diffusion techniques consist of prophage induction test and BIP-test. All active compounds selected by these microbiological models are potential inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism. Cytological assays on leukemia L 1210 cells have been carried out by microscopic examination and by evaluation using an electronic particle counter. Activity was expressed as decrease of the number of single cells caused by agglutination or lysis of cells, changes in cell surface area, dye exclusion, and increase of cell volume. A wide variety of mushrooms was demonstrated to exhibit interesting activities in some of these screening systems. The influence of primary metabolic products of mushrooms on microbiological models was studied additionally. In vivo assays have not yet been accomplished.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗

PubMed1979

Microbiology subsystem of a total, dedicated laboratory computer system.

The computer system used by the Microbiology Service of the Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health is discussed. This microbiology subsystem is a part of a dedicated on-line laboratory computer system used by the entire department. The laboratory computer is connected on-line to a hospital computer which provides patient admission, transfer, and discharge data. Mark sense worksheets and cathode ray tube terminals are used for result entry and correction. Cumulative patient reports are printed. Results for both active and completed accessions can be easily retrieved on cathode ray terminals in the laboratory. All laboratory data are archived on magnetic tape from which a research data base and microfiched laboratory records are generated. The manner in which the system is integrated in the routine operation of the microbiology laboratory is emphasized. In addition, some of the costs, benefits, liabilities, and pitfalls associated with the introduction of the computer in the laboratory are reviewed. Finally, we have presented our concept of some of the future enhancements to our present system and some of the directions in which any future microbiology system might develop.

Computers↗

PubMed1978

How is the medical student being trained in microbiology and infections?

Reduction in curriculum time and shifts in interests of microbiology and epidemiology departments have altered the nature of the exposure of medical students to clinical problems of microbiology and infectious diseases. Major objectives of training in microbiology and infectious diseases are poorly met because of the large mass of material the student needs to assimilate. Students graduate from medical school using antimicrobial agents as a substitute for diagnostic acumen, without an understanding of how microbiologic laboratories should be used. Methods to improve this situation should be studied.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1979

A ladder curriculum in clinical microbiology.

A continuum of four microbiology courses for medical technology majors has been developed by the Medical Laboratory Science Program at Northeastern University. Using a system approach to curriculum design, the academic and clinical faculty identified career-entry capabilities, delineated appropriate subject content, and developed an instructional system which placed individual topics into one of four courses in the ladder curriculum: a basic, second-year, university-based clinical microbiology course stressing microbial technique and common organism identification; third-year microbiology and cellular physiology courses developing theoretical aspects; a fourth-year, hospital-based clinical microbiology rotation emphasizing isolation and identification techniques for significant pathogens; and a fourth-year, university-based, didactic course covering host defense-organism virulence interactions, infectious disease principles, and new techniques and unusual isolates as reported in the recent journal literature. Based on four years of experience with this system and in light of the publication of the 1978 American Society for Medical Technology (ASMT) Competency Statements, the Northeastern Medical Laboratory Science Program faculty is currently reexamining the continuum to insure completeness and appropriateness of overall subject content, to provide reinforcement, and to remove unnecessary duplication among the courses in the curriculum.

Certification↗

PubMed1976

[Electronic data processing system for clinical microbiology].

A computerized clinical microbiology data storage and retrieval system, which was introduced at the Institute of Medical Microbiology 14 month ago, is described. This institute has to perform routine diagnostic microbiology for hospitals in the Kanton of Zuerich including the university hospital. In addition, it serves as a public health laboratory for Zuerich and adjacent districts. Patient and physician data are entered into a data station IBM 3741 and stored on discettes. Each afternoon, these data are printed on special report forms, which then are transferred to the diagnostic laboratories. After completion of the investigation, a copy of this form containing the results is sent to the physician. Every two weeks, the information stored on the discettes are converted onto the magnetic tape "discette". In addition, the original report form, containing the codified results and the fees, are read by an optic reader, which transfers the information onto the tape "report". Both tapes then serve the computer to print the accounts as well as to summarize the results monthly in form of the medical statistics. These provide valuable information to enhance patient care. All data are stored in a cumalative microbiology data bank for later retrieval.

Accounting↗

PubMed1978

Results with commercial radioassay kits compared with microbiological assay of folate in serum and whole-blood.

We compared results with three commercial folate radioassay kits [Bio-Rad, New England Nuclear (NEN), and RIA Products] with those by microbiological assay for more than 200 samples of human serum and whole blood. All but one kit (NEN) compared favorably with the microbiological assay for serum samples, although there were notable diagnostic discrepancies. Two kits (NEN and Bio-Rad) were tested on whole-blood samples; both yielded values significantly higher than those by microbiological assay. The frequency distributions of erythrocyte folate data differed strikingly between the two kits; the NEN method yielded a much narrower range of normal values than did either the Bio-Rad or the microbiological assay. Radioassay kits appear to be suitable diagnostic agents for serum folate, if the behavior of a particular kit is investigated thoroughly before its routine use. However, the diagnostic value of radioassays of erythrocyte folate needs to be validated.

Biological Assay↗

PubMed1979

Equivalence of microbiological and hydroxylamine methods of analysis for ampicillin dosage forms.

Ampicillin formulations were assayed by microbiological and hydroxylamine methods to determine whether thehydroxylamine analytical method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method. Paired assay results by the 2 analytical methods were obtained on different strengths of tablet, capsule, and suspension, formulations containing ampicillin and ampicillin degradation compounds. Several statistical tests were used to assess the equivalence of the paired assay results. The data analyses indicate that the hydroxylamine method is a suitable substitute for the microbiological method for potency assays and stability studies of ampicillin formulations. The hydroxylamine method yielded slightly higher assay results than the microbiological method for severely degraded formulations.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1977

A radiometric microbiologic method for vitamin B12 assay.

A radiometric microbiologic method was developed for assaying vitamin B12 in human serum. In the presence of 14C-arginine and cyanocobalamin, Lactobacillus leichmannii produced significant amounts of 14CO2 within 16-20 hr. The amount of 14CO2 evolved was optimized with the use of guanido-labeled arginine and is proportional to the amount of cyanoco-balamin added. The method gave satisfactory recovery of added vitamin B12 to sera, and it gave values comparable to the standard microbiologic (turbidimetric) method using L. leichmannii. The radiometric microbiologic method allowed elimination of several steps considered essential in the standard microbiologic methods: (A) Extraction of vitamin B12 bound to serum proteins could be accomplished in one autoclaving step with the assay medium at 15 psi for 3-5 min; (B) The precipitated serum proteins did not need to be separated, since they do not interfere with this assay,

Arginine↗

PubMed1978

The core course in medical microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine.

During the past five years at Baylor College of Medicine student performance in microbiology, as measured by scores on the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners, has improved from less (mean of 78 percent) than the national average of 80+ percent to considerably greater than the national average (mean of 85 percent). Only about one-half the time usually given to microbiology is allotted to the course at Baylor (107 hours). Principal features of the course are annually revised lecture handouts, medically oriented laboratory sessions with a manual written especially for the course, and clinical demonstrations of infectious disease. The pattern of performance in the microbiology course did not occur in two other basic science courses at Baylor. The improvement in performance appeared to be related to the course format, increased teaching proficiency, and the allocation of hours to the various subdisciplines.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMed1978

Constraints under which the microbiology laboratory functions.

The relevance, usefulness, quality, and cost of performance of many clinical microbiology laboratories have been questioned. Major, common constraints under which most microbiology laboratories operate in the United States include lack of trained manpower, wide variation in the level and sophistication of clinical microbiology service, lack of physician-laboratory communication and interaction, inadequacies in medical education, and often inadequate laboratory space. Governmental regulations, requirements, and standards have improved the quality of many laboratories' work, but also result in greatly increased costs, excesses of often trivial procedures, and diversion of trained manpower from clinical service to regulatory procedures, with a resulting increase in manpower needs. The usefulness, relevance, and cost of regulatory requirements and procedures are unknown. Lack of reliable, standardized reagents impedes utilization of rapid and low cost procedures, and proliferation of complex tests results in costly additional demands on existing manpower.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1978

[Teaching of microbiology at medical institutes (on the results of the XVI All-Union Congress of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists)].

Data on teaching microbiology, virology, and immunology to students of the 2nd and 3rd course of medical institute are presented. A number of recommendations of the improvement of bacteriology and virology teaching at the sanitary-hygienic faculties are given; in particular it is suggested to introduce into the teaching plan for students of the 6th course of sanitary-hygienic faculties specialization on medical microbiology and virology. For the general view on virology the author considers it necessary to begin study of the viruses by delivery of individual lectures in the general course of microbiology during the 4th semester; it is recommended to present the main virology course during the 5th semester.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMed1979

[Activation of student cognitive activities in the process of teaching medical microbiology].

The main trends of methodical work conducted at the chair of microbiology of Orenburng Medical Institute are presented. For the purpose of activation of cognition activity of students during medical microbiology teaching the following methods were applied: presentation of the teaching material, creation of visual teaching methods in a single methodical plan in accordance with the logic structure graphs of the subject as a whole, its individual sections and themes; introduction of problem teaching method, solution of practical tasks of the II and III learning level; introduction of scientific achievements of the chair into the teaching process. Result of evaluation of the efficacy of the teaching-methodical work of the chair carried out demonstrated that knowledge of the principal microbiology problems in the students and interns persisted for long periods of time.

Cognition↗

PubMed1978

Comparison of two radioimmunoassays and a microbiologic assay for bleomycin.

Recently two radioimmunoassays have been independently developed for determination of bleomycin levels. In this study these assays are compared with each other and with a standard microbiologic assay for bleomycin. Bleomycin levels were determined in serum and urine samples obtained at varying intervals following intramuscular bleomycin injection. There were systematic differences between the assays. One radioimmunoassay indicated bleomycin levels lower than the levels indicated by the microbiologic assay with serum samples. With urine samples, both radioimmunoassays indicated bleomycin levels greater than the microbiologic assay.

Antibody Specificity↗

PubMed1979

Use of laparoscopy to determine the microbiologic etiology of acute salpingitis.

To determine the microbiologic etiology of acute salpingitis, laparoscopy was used in 26 patients to obtain specimens for a variety of microorganisms directly from the fallopian tube. Simultaneous culdocentesis was performed to obtain peritoneal fluid for microbiologic analysis. A variety of microorganisms were isolated from the fallopian tubes and cul-de-sac aspirate. However, the organisms isolated from the fallopian tube were not consistent with the cul-de-sac isolates. It appears that direct culture from the fallopian tube may be necessary to determine the microbiologic etiology and pathogenesis of acute salpingitis. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the cul-de-sac in 32 per cent of cases and the fallopian tube in 19 per cent. In patients with endocervical gonorrhea, the gonococcus was isolated from the fallopian tube in 38.5 per cent of cases. Aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria were present in the cul-de-sac aspirate in 46 per cent of patients and in the fallopian tube in 38 per cent.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

Comparison of chemical and microbiological methods in the estimation of methionine in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds.

1. Meals were prepared from the seeds of fifteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), one of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and one of yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), and their methionine content was determined by six different methods. 2. Total methionine content was determined by two chemical methods (ion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric procedure) and by two microbiological methods. The 'available' methionine content was determined by microbiological assay with Streptococcus zymogenes. 3. All the different methods for total methionine determination gave similar results, with much the same high extent of precision. 4. The value for 'available' methionine content were similar to or marginally higher than the corresponding microbiological assay value for total methionine content. There was no indication that the methionine in any of the test samples was not completely available.

Biological Assay↗

PubMed1978

What should the clinician expect from the microbiology laboratory?

Many physicians do not know what they should expect from the microbiology laboratoy. What physicians need from the microbiology laboratory varies according to type of patient and type of physician. The laboratory should provide information that will affect clinical management guidelines for obtaining specimens, microbial identification, antimicrobial susceptibilities, rapid collection of material, and reporting of data and educational updating. Data are needed to establish how the physician responds to microbiologic reports.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution of the microbiology laboratory to renal and urinary studies. Bacteriological examination of urine].

A. General considerations: 1. Microbiological condition of the normal urine and urinary tract; 2. Infections of the urinary tract. B. Possibilities of the laboratory of microbiology in renourinary investigations: 1. Detection and significance of pathogenic microorganisms in the urine; 2. Quantitative uroculture: a. The significance of urocultures in asymptomatic bacteriuria; b. The significance of bacteriuria in clinical diseases of the urinary tract. 3. Other diagnostic possibilities in urinary tract infections. 4. Possible microbiologic localization in urinary infections. a. Washing the urinary bladder; b. Urethral catheterism; c. Evidence of bacteria-antibody complexes in the urine; d. Bacteriologic localization pattern in bacterial urethritis and prostatitis. 5. Testing against antibiotics. C. Bacteriologic examination of the urine: 1. Collecting the urine for bacteriologic examination: a. Collecting from the middle jet: I) from women II) from men III) from imobilized patients IV) from children b. Collection by suprapubic puncture 2. Screening methods and tests 3. Methodology and diagnostic tests in urinary tract infections. a. Cultures; b. Follow up of the results. c. Reporting the results.

Bacterial Infections↗