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PubMed1992

Project director characteristics in the Elderly Nutrition Program.

The federally funded Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) began in 1972, authorized under Title 7 of the Older Americans Act. Its purpose was to serve elders, targeting those in greatest social and economic need. This article describes the characteristics of the Nutrition Project Directors in the ENP through data gathered by a questionnaire completed by a random sample of 430 directors across the nation. One important finding was that directors of programs serving large numbers of low-income or minority elders tended to have less education and commanded lower salaries than directors serving fewer poor and minority elders. In addition, while a higher proportion of these directors were minority members, numbers of nonwhite Nutrition Project Directors remains low.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1984

The National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs: program impact on family food expenditures.

Since the major goals of the school nutrition programs are to safeguard the health of children by providing nutritious meals and to promote consumption of domestic agricultural products, it is important to know the extent to which participation in the school nutrition programs increases the value of food obtained by participating families. The analysis of the factors that influence family food expenditures is described. No evidence is found that families reduce their other food expenditures in response to their children's participation in the school nutrition programs. The most important factors that influence family food expenditures are family size and income. The age of children in the family, location of the family, and educational attainment and employment status of heads of household also affect food expenditures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A self-instruction nutrition program for pregnant women.

The Prenatal Nutrition Program (PNP), a self-instruction program, consists of a videocassette and three pamphlets concerning nutrition during pregnancy. An evaluation study made PNP available to 52 white, middle-class, well-educated pregnant women in their physician's waiting room. PNP improved their knowledge but had no significant effect on their attitudes (initially very positive) or dietary behavior. On the basis of combined pre- and post-PNP program testing, significant correlations were found between the pregnant women's knowledge and attitudes and between their knowledge and dietary behavior. All subjects rated PNP very favorably. It is concluded that self-instruction programs offer a viable and less costly alternative to individual nutrition counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs: program impact on anthropometric measures.

This report describes the anthropometric analysis component of the National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs. It addresses two research questions: First, is there a relationship between participation in the school nutrition programs and students' height, weight, and triceps fatfold, and, second, are the impacts of program participation on height, weight, and triceps fatfold different for students with different characteristics? The anthropometric analyses suggest that long-term participation in the School Lunch Program has no relationship to height but does have a small relationship to the weight of school-aged children. This is at least partly due to an increase in body fat. Program impacts do not differ for students with different income and ethnic characteristics; however, impacts are greater for older children than for younger children. The School Breakfast Program has no relationship with students' height and only weak relationships with students' weight and triceps fatfold. The Breakfast Program tends slightly to move participants toward the middle of the weight distribution and away from the extremes. Although there are statistically significant increases in weight and triceps fatfold thickness associated with participation in the School Lunch Program, they are small compared with effects of the child's sex, height, and ethnic background. Other variables, such as parents' height and weight, parents' education and family income, also have greater impacts on weight and triceps fatfold measurements than participation in the School Nutrition Programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs: program impact on dietary intake.

This article describes the dietary analysis component of the National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs. It addresses two research questions: 1) do participants and nonparticipants in the school nutrition programs have different calorie and nutrient intakes for 24 h, breakfast, and/or lunch and 2) if there are differences in the nutritional quality or total quantity of food consumed? Students who participate in the School Lunch Program get more than nonparticipants of almost all nutrients that were examined, both at lunch and during 24 h. The superior lunch and 24-h intakes of Lunch Program participants are due to the higher nutritional quality of the School Lunch compared with lunches that nonparticipants eat. The most important impact of the School Breakfast is that when the program is available, it increases the likelihood that children will eat breakfast, and children who eat breakfast have significantly higher intakes of nutrients than children who skip breakfast. The School Breakfast provides more calcium, phosphorus, protein, and magnesium than a non-US Department of Agriculture breakfast, but less vitamin A, vitamin B6, niacin, thiamin, and iron. The positive impacts of calcium and phosphorus carry over 24 h, while the negative impacts for vitamin A, vitamin B6, niacin, thiamin, and iron are made up during the remainder of the day. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn about the impact of the Milk Program, milk is an important component of all US Department of Agriculture school nutrition programs and makes a major contribution to student dietary intake. Its presence in the meal patterns probably accounts for some of the greater nutrient intakes associated with participation in the School Lunch Program and most of the greater intakes associated with participation in the School Breakfast Program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nutrition programs for lightweight calves.

As long as beef farms have orphaned calves and late-calving cows and as long as many small beef herds continue year-round calving,large numbers of lightweight calves are likely to be presented to the marketplace. In addition, dairies produce male calves that must be grown for beef production as well as heifers that need to be developed for milking replacements. All require specialized growing programs. With proper planning, nutritional programs for these calves can be designed for drylot- and pasture-based systems. Special considerations include the reduced feed intake that can occur at the time of weaning, which occurs at young ages in these calves, as well as shipping stress and unfamiliarity with manufactured feed. Diets must provide more protein and energy than needed for older and heavier cattle. Feed form, palatability, and avoidance of digestive upset are critical.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Expanding our conceptualization of program implementation: lessons from the genealogy of a school-based nutrition program.

This work presents a theoretical framework in which health promotion and health education program implementation can be conceived as an open dynamic system. By tracing the evolution of an elementary school-based nutrition program from its conception to its recent form, we construct a program genealogy. Data were derived from two interviews and three historical documents from which historical events were identified and reconstructed in the form of a tree analogy. Data analysis ensued using concepts from the actor-network theory about social innovation. These concepts identified social and technical program attributes and situated them within a process which evolved over time, thus permitting the program's genealogy to appear. The genealogy was found to be influenced by the ways in which the involved actors interpreted the issue of food security, namely, as a professional issue, with a nutrition education response and as a social issue, with a community-building response. The interaction between the interests of the actors and the technical components of the program resulted in three temporal program iterations. The results highlight the important role played by the involved actors during program implementation and suggest the need to take these interests into consideration during all phases of program planning.

Community Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heart transplant nutrition programs: a national survey.

Cardiac cachexia and nutritional inadequacies have been cited as risk factors for poor outcome after heart transplantation. To evaluate the current status of nutritional support programs for heart transplant patients, we conducted a national survey of major transplant centers. Surveys were sent to 26 institutions, with 20 hospitals responding to the written questionnaire and providing samples of educational material from their nutrition programs. Although 80% of the hospitals surveyed included a dietitian as a member of the nutritional support team, dietitians participated in only 50% of the pretransplant teaching conferences. Nutritional status and care plans were discussed with patients and family members during the pretransplant conferences. At most centers (88%) nutritional status was assessed on a routine basis before the procedure. After transplantation, nutritional assessments were usually performed every 7 to 10 days. During the 2 to 4 weeks after surgery, the most common diets prescribed were low-fat, low-cholesterol diets that typically limited sodium intake. Thirty percent of the hospitals also restricted patients from eating fresh fruits and vegetables for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, theoretically to minimize risk of certain infections. After patient discharge, most centers (68%) monitored nutritional status of patients during periodic clinic visits and yearly evaluations. This study demonstrated that nutritional management has become an important factor in the total medical care of the heart transplant patient. Findings of this survey were used to develop nutritional support program guidelines for heart transplant recipients at our institution. Further research is necessary before a standardized procedure for assessing and monitoring nutritional status of heart transplant patients can be developed.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1999

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): bloodwork requirements. Food and Nutrition Service, USDA. Final rule.

This final rule amends regulations governing the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) to allow State agencies the option to defer the collection of blood test data for up to 90 days after the date of certification, so long as the applicant is determined to have at least one qualifying nutrition risk factor at the time of certification. In addition, this final rule will expand the current regulatory standard of the maximum age of blood test data used to assess nutritional risk for WIC certification. Although blood tests may no longer be a mandatory part of each WIC applicant's certification intake process, such tests are still required for the purposes of assessing nutritional status, nutrition surveillance, providing nutrition education, further tailoring food packages to meet nutritional needs, and referring to appropriate health and social services in the community.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Effect of an integrated nutrition program on child morbidity due to respiratory infection and diarrhea in northern Viet Nam.

Infectious disease and poor diet are the two proximal causes of malnutrition in children. During the 1990s, integrated nutrition programs implemented by Save the Children (SC) in Viet Nam reduced severe child malnutrition, but it has not been clear if this impact was due primarily to improved diet or reduced disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether a community-based, integrated nutrition program in Viet Nam reduced child morbidity due to diarrhea or acute respiratory infections. Children 5 to 25 months old were randomly selected from randomly assigned intervention and comparison communes. Caregivers of children from the intervention and comparison groups (n = 119 per group) were interviewed about their child's morbidity at program baseline and at study months 2, 4, 6, and 12. Multiple logistic regression and general estimating equations (GEE) were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on the occurrence of any diarrhea and respiratory illness in the preceding two weeks. Respiratory illness, mainly upper respiratory illness, was more common than diarrheal disease at baseline (54% vs. 6%, respectively). During follow-up, children in the intervention communes had approximately half the respiratory illness experienced by those in comparison communes (AOR = 0.5; p = .001). Diarrheal disease was also lower in the intervention group, although differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that SC's integrated nutrition program was associated with reduced upper respiratory illness, perhaps due to improved hygiene practices and/or improved micronutrient intakes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

School health promotion: child nutrition programs.

Since 1946, with the enactment of the National School Lunch Act, an important and integral part of the comprehensive school health program has been ensuring the nutritional needs of students are met. This article describes the history of the school nutrition program and how it has adapted to meet the needs of today's students. The modern menu is more healthful, foods are prepared with less salt, sugar, and fat, and nutrition education complements food choices. Through collaboration, nutrition education has been integrated into health education and the other elements of the total school health program to better meet students needs.

Child↗
PubMed2006

[The meaning of food and health: a contribution to the analysis of the Workers' Nutrition Program].

This study aimed to analyze how the Workers' Nutrition Program (WNP) is being implemented in a leather shoe factory in the Vale dos Sinos region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Demographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric data were used for descriptive purposes. Discursive data pertaining to the meaning of food and health in the context of the WNP were obtained through focus groups. It is argued that workers in this industry have considerable knowledge about the relationship between food and health. However, the WNP itself is less familiar and fails in its objective of health promotion. The article recommends that nutritionists implement educational practices in the workplace. With regard to public policy in nutrition, a more critical approach should be included in the debate, to contemplate the regionalization and decentralization of workers' health policies, allowing the inclusion of inter-sector, interdisciplinary, and multi-professional perspectives rather than focusing only on specific nutritional issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Do nutrition programs make a difference? The case of Brazil.

Four Brazilian food and nutrition programs operating during some part of 1974-86 are evaluated for their effectiveness in curing or preventing infant and child malnutrition, including low birth weight when pregnant women were beneficiaries. Two programs distributed free food to identified clients: traditional commercial foods in one case and specially formulated supplements in the other. The other two programs subsidized four or more basic foodstuffs: one experiment quantitatively restricted a subsidy to identified families, and the other was unrestricted and open to all families patronizing certain shops. The programs were more effective at curing than at preventing malnutrition, and more effective at increasing weight than height. Many beneficiaries, even when initially underweight, showed no change, and some deteriorated despite the food transfer. Results were better after than during the first year of life, when deterioration is most likely. Donation programs including medical and educational components proved more effective than pure subsidies, showing that while poverty may be the chief cause of malnutrition, the problem should be seen as poor health rather than simply low food consumption. Evaluation also shows that programs were inefficient in transferring benefits, and that clients were deterred from participating by the costs of obtaining the food and its poor quality and small volume. Longer participation improved results, but more frequent participation in a given interval did not necessarily do so.

Body Height↗
PubMed2006

Cultural relevancy of a diabetes prevention nutrition program for African American women.

Diabetes among African American women is a pressing health concern, yet there are few evaluated culturally relevant prevention programs for this population. This article describes a case study of the Eat Well Live Well Nutrition Program, a community-based, culturally specific diabetes prevention nutrition program for African American women. The stages of change theory and principles from community organization guided the development of the program. Health education strategies, including participatory development and program delivery by peer educators, were applied to promote cultural relevance. Results indicated that overall participants (90%) believed the program to be culturally relevant and were very satisfied with the program (82%). Cultural relevancy was significantly associated with greater program satisfaction and changes in dietary patterns when controlling for the number of sessions attended. Conclusions suggest that participatory strategies can be effective in designing culturally specific prevention programs for African American women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of participation in the WIC program on birthweight: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to estimate the impact on birthweight of maternal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). METHODS: WIC estimates were based on sibling models incorporating data on children born between 1990 and 1996 to women taking part in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. RESULTS: Fixed-effects estimates indicated that prenatal WIC participation was associated with a 0.075 unit difference (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.007, 0.157) in siblings' logged birthweight. At the 88-oz (2464-g) low-birthweight cutoff, this difference translated into an estimated impact of 6.6 oz (184.8 g). CONCLUSION: Earlier WIC impact estimates may have been biased by unmeasured characteristics affecting both program participation and birth outcomes. Our approach controlled for such biases and revealed a significant positive association between WIC participation and birthweight.

Adolescent↗