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PubMed1996

Does the avian ophthalmic nerve carry magnetic navigational information?

The bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) uses the earth's magnetic field as one source of directional information for its migratory orientation. However, the location and structure of the magnetoreceptors that transduce the magnetic information to the nervous system are unknown. Because treatment with a strong magnetic pulse results in a change in the direction of orientation, one of the receptors is thought to involve a magnetizable material such as magnetite. The effects of the magnetizing treatment can be abolished (i.e. the bird returns to its original orientation) by blocking the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, but the ability of the bird to select and maintain a direction is not affected. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a magnetizable material such as magnetite is part of the magnetoreceptors that are associated with the ophthalmic nerve.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Short- and long-term effects of transection of the ophthalmic nerve on optokinetic nystagmus in the rabbit.

The role of extraocular proprioception in optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was examined, using adult pigmented rabbits following transection of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. OKN was induced by rotation of a drum at an angular velocity of 0.85 and 3.7 degrees/s. The eye on the operated side showed a delay in the transition from the OKN-induced quick phase to the slow phase regardless of closure of the eye on either the operated or unoperated side. In addition, the eye on the operated side showed an anticompensatory response in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) with an unstable drift in the dark. The above abnormalities in OKN and VOR following rhizotomy disappeared after 1-1.5 months. These results suggest that proprioception in the extraocular muscle plays an important role in the fine regulations of eye position for gaze accuracy. The recovery demonstrated appears to be due to a compensatory mechanism in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The relationship between ophthalmic nerve lesion in glaucoma and ocular and systemic haemodynamic disturbance].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the optic nerve lesion in glaucoma and ocular and systemic haemodynamic disturbance. METHODS: The color Doppler imaging was used to study blood velocity in the ophthalmic, the central retinal and the short posterior ciliary arteries in 34 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, 31 patients with low tension glaucoma and 90 healthy controls. The peak systolic velocity(PSV), the end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) in each artery were measured, moreover the nailfold microcirculation and blood viscosity in each patient were examined. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the PSV and EDV of the central retinal arteries were significantly lower while the RI of the central retinal arteries was significantly higher in both POAG and LTG patients. The RI of the short posterior ciliary arteries however was significantly higher in POAG. Nailfold microcirculation shows that some important parameters, including flow pattern, loop surrounding, morphological weighted value, total weighted value and capillary deformity rate in the two glaucoma groups were higher, whereas the flow velocity was lower than in the control group. The plasm viscosity and the whole blood viscosity (low spear) were higher than normal. According to our measurements, the nailfold microcirculation and blood viscosity was worse at the end stage of glaucoma than at early stage. The correlative analysis between measurement results of color doppler imaging and microcirculation and heamorrheology showed that nailfold microcirculation morphological weighted value was negatively correlated with the EDV of the central retinal artery and positively correlated with the RI of the central retinal artery in LTG patients. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormity of ocular haemodynamics and systemic microcirculation and blood viscosity is one important factor of optic nerve damage in glaucoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Raeder's syndrome. A case with an unusual localization.

We describe a patient with a Raeder's paratrigeminal neuralgia consisting of left-sided frontal and orbital pain, Horner syndrome (including anhydrosis of the forehead), and sensory loss in the territory of the first division of the trigeminal nerve. The involvement of the ophthalmic nerve is not consistent with the usual localization of this syndrome to the pericarotid sympathetic plexus. Oculosympathetic and sympathetic fibers supplying the sweat glands of the forehead join the ophthalmic nerve in the cavernous plexus localized in the cavernous sinus. Therefore, this seems to be the most likely site of the lesion when the ophthalmic nerve is involved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Experimental microneurosurgery of the trigeminal ganglion and ophthalmic-maxillary nerve in the rat: subtemporal fossa approach.

In the researches of the innervation relationship between trigeminal ganglion and a particular structure in the head, it is usually necessary to apply neural tracers into the ganglion for anterograde nerve tracing study or perform bilateral trigeminal nerve transecting for degeneration study. A common surgical approach for exposing these structures in the rat was to remove a piece of skull and a portion of brain. While investigating the innervation of rat's pineal gland from its trigeminal ganglion, we used a subtemporal fossa approach, whereby the mortality of the animal was remarkably reduced and the contamination of the intracranial structures by the tracer was proved to be least. This is the first description of bilateral surgeries of the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nerve in rat using extracranial approach. Detailed surgical procedures were presented and their advantages discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The lateral sellar nerve plexus and its connections in humans.

OBJECT: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the systematic topography of the lateral sellar (cavernous sinus [CS]) nerve plexus and its connections in humans. METHODS: Seven specimens of human CS and adjacent regions were dissected in steps and stained as whole-mount preparations by using a sensitive acetylcholinesterase method. Another specimen was frozen, cut on a frontal plane, and stained for acetylcholinesterase. The human CS contains an extensive nerve plexus with small ganglia. The plexus is composed of a main part, the lateral sellar plexus proper, which is located around the abducent nerve and medial to the ophthalmic nerve, and a lateral extension just underneath the outermost layer of the lateral CS wall, which is located lateral to the trochlear and ophthalmic nerves. The lateral sellar plexus is connected to the internal carotid nerve, the pterygopalatine ganglion, and the trigeminal ganglion. From the lateral sellar plexus, nerve branches run along the oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, and abducent nerves into the orbit. In addition, the lateral sellar plexus has multiple connections with nerves located around the internal carotid artery. The presence of connections between the lateral sellar plexus and functionally defined neural structures suggests that the plexus receives sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory contributions. CONCLUSIONS: The plexus may distribute nerve subpopulations to several targets, including cerebral arteries and orbital structures. The presence of a mixed nerve plexus that projects to a variety of targets indicates that injury or disease in the CS may result in a variety of symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

The cavernous sinus: an anatomical survey.

An anatomical survey of the cavernous sinus in 16 adult cadavera has been made, based on serial sections cut at 15 micron in the coronal and sagittal planes. Certain aspects of the survey are of particular interest: (1) the oculomotor, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerves do not run in the lateral dural wall of the cavernous sinus; (2) venous sinuses of the cavernous sinus flow freely in a medial direction both anterior and posterior to the dorsum sellae; (3) trabeculae in the form of collections of fine areolar tissue extend between the vascular and neural elements. The amount present is variable; (4) the horizontal section of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus runs a variable course in relation to the hypophysis and the lateral dural wall; (5) the oculomotor nerve lies within a meningeal envelope as far anteriorly as the tip of the anterior clinoid process; (6) the ophthalmic nerve communicates with the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves in the anterior part of the cavernous sinus; (7) the abducent nerve may lie within a meningeal envelope in the posterior part of the cavernous sinus; (8) the greater part of the sympathetic nerve plexus around the vertical part of the internal carotid artery passes into the abducent and ophthalmic nerves. Sympathetic fibres pass into the sheaths surrounding the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. Sympathetic ganglia are suspended from the ophthalmic nerve.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed2004

The nerve supply to the orbit of the Bactrian camel.

The Bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some desert and semi-desert areas of the world, but there is no detailed description of the nervous supply to the orbit in this animal. In this study, 10 heads of adult Bactrian camels were collected and the nerves supplying the orbit were examined grossly. The results showed that the nerves supplying the orbit included the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, the branches of ophthalmic nerve and the maxillary nerve. The anatomical characteristics of the origins, courses and distributions of the nerves to the orbit in the Bactrian camel were described and compared with those of other domestic animals. These results have importance for further research on the comparative neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and the related clinical surgery of the camel.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Vertically oriented upper eyelid nerve fibers. A clinical, anatomical and immunohistochemical study.

Vertically oriented suborbicular nerve fibers are frequently encountered during upper eyelid surgery. It has not been well established whether these fibers are terminal motor branches of the facial nerve (VII) or sensory branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V-1). To investigate the origin of these nerve fibers, three different techniques were used: (1) intraoperative nerve stimulation; (2) cadaver dissection; and (3) immunohistochemical analysis. The results of all three investigative methods are in agreement and conclusively demonstrate that these fibers represent sensory branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V-1) and not motor branches of the facial nerve (VII). Anatomical dissection showed that the sensory fibers to the upper eyelid do not travel solely within the suborbicular fascial plane, but also course in the preorbicular plane and within the orbicularis muscle itself. The terminal branches of the facial nerve to the upper eyelid innervate the orbicularis oculi from the undersurface and in a horizontal orientation. Clinical correlation of these findings is discussed.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase↗
PubMed1989

Increased axonal transport of trigeminal ganglion proteins in an electrode model.

This investigation uses an electrical stimulation model of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation to elucidate the relationship between neuronal protein synthesis, axonal transport and electrical stimulation. In this study, healthy adult albino rabbits were implanted with electrodes over the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and stimulated chronically twice a week for 28-34 days (previously shown to induce HSV reactivation in infected rabbits). The TG was visualized surgically and injected with 3H-proline to label newly synthesized protein. After various times, the TG, corneas and ophthalmic nerve were analyzed for labeled proteins. In nonimplanted and implanted rabbits (whether stimulated or not), the rate of fast anterograde axonal transport in the ophthalmic nerve was 347 mm/day and 326 mm/day, respectively. A lag period of 45 min occurred between initiation of protein labeling and onset of axonal transport. Only a small percentage of newly synthesized neuronal proteins were transported in the ophthalmic nerve (1-4% in the proximal 10 mm) or deposited in the cornea (less than 0.5%) after 24 hr. Neither the rate of protein synthesis in the TG nor the rate of axonal transport was changed by electrical stimulation. However, the amount of radioactively labeled proteins undergoing axonal transport in the stimulated group was five times that of the sham control group. Thus, the routing and loading of TG proteins for axonal transport is enhanced in the electrical stimulation model.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The initiation of diving apnoea in the frog, Rana pipiens.

1. Diving apnoea in Rana pipiens was initiated by submerging the external nares. As the water level was raised above the frog, both buccal and lung pressure increased by an amount corresponding to the water head. During submergence the external nares remained closed, although the apnoeic period was punctuated by ventilation movements which moved gas between the lungs and buccal cavity. 2. Bilateral section of the ophthalmic nerves did not alter the normal pattern of ventilation in air, although it often resulted in the intake of water into the buccal cavity on submergence. Introduction of water into the buccal cavity, either naturally as in denervates or by injection through a catheter in intact frogs, triggered sustained electromyographical activity in some respiratory muscles. 3. Electroneurograms recorded from the cut peripheral end of an ophthalmic nerve showed that receptors in the external narial region were stimulated by movement of a water meniscus across them. Activity could also be recorded in the ophthalmic nerve in response to water flow past the submerged nares. Punctate stimulation of the narial region confirmed that these receptors were mechanosensitive. 4. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the central ends of cut ophthalmic nerves in lightly anaesthetized frogs caused apnoea with a latency of less than 200 ms. The external nares remained closed throughout the period of stimulation although buccal pressure events, resembling underwater ventilation movements, occurred when stimulation was prolonged.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1998

LHRH neurons migrate into the trigeminal nerve when the developing olfactory nerve fibers are physically interrupted in chick embryos.

Most LHRH neurons actively migrate from the olfactory epithelium to the forebrain during embryonic days (ED) 3.5-8. When a small piece of the membrane filter was placed on the central course of the olfactory nerve in ED 3.5-5 chick embryos, LHRH neurons deviated from their regular migratory course at ED 6.5-7.5 to follow a route along the PSA-NCAM-positive medial and lateral nasal branches of the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve. The olfactory nerve fibers which were specifically immunoreactive for somatostatin also deviated into the ophthalmic nerve. Enzymatic removal of PSA using endoneuraminidase did not interfere with the migration of LHRH neurons into the ophthalmic nerve bundle of the trigeminal nerve. The presence of structural supports seems to be primarily of importance in the migration of LHRH neurons along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve bundles. PSA may be less important for the migration of the LHRH neurons along peripheral neural elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Central distribution of the efferent cells and the primary afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve in Pleurodeles waltlii (Amphibia, Urodela).

As part of a study on the organization of the brainstem in a primitive group of vertebrates, the efferent cells and primary afferent fibers of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii were examined by means of retrograde and anterograde axonal transport and anterograde degeneration. The trigeminal motor nucleus is located in the periventricular gray just medial to the sulcus limitans. Its rostral part is a band of pear-shaped cells lying parallel to the wall of the ventricle, whereas its caudal part is a round mass consisting of polygonal cells. In addition, a small group of scattered neurons is situated ventral to the rostral part of the nucleus. The primary afferent fibers enter the brainstem in the dorsal two-thirds of the trigeminal root. They diverge into a short ascending and a long descending tract. The former distributes its axons to the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, which is an ill-defined cell group located at the ventrolateral edge of the periventricular gray. In the descending tract, the fibers of the ophthalmic nerve are predominantly located ventromedially, and those of the maxillomandibular nerve dorsolaterally. A fascicle of the ophthalmic nerve leaves the descending tract and, apparently, makes contact with the accessory abducens nucleus. The descending tract extends caudally into the three upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus consists of conspicuous large cells, which are scattered through the tectum of the mesencephalon. The cells with peripheral branches in the ophthalmic nerve are mainly located in the caudal half of the tectum, and those with peripheral branches in the maxillomandibular nerve in the rostral half. Collaterals of the central branches of the mesencephalic trigeminal system were traced to an area of the periventricular gray situated between the motor nucleus and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Innervation of the rat Harderian gland by adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres.

The innervation of the rat Harderian gland was studied using histochemical methods for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Selective denervations were performed to investigate the neural connections of this gland with various ganglia. Light microscopically the AChE-positive nerves seemed to run as thick bundles in the intertubular connective tissue. These bundles sent finer branches around the acini. The blood vessels, localized in the connective tissue septa, were surrounded by a dense plexus of AChE-containing fibres. By electron microscopy, the AChE-positive fibres were seen to terminate near the myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory cells. These fibres were also observed in contact with the blood vessels and occasionally close to the secretory cells. Fluorescent adrenergic nerves surrounded the blood vessels. Some fibres were also observed in the interlobular tissue. All the AChE-containing nerves degenerated after cutting the zygomatic nerve. On the other hand, removal of the ciliary ganglion or the superior cervical ganglion, or stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve did not affect these nerves. The fluorescent adrenergic fibres disappeared following both removal of the superior cervical ganglion and coagulation of the ophthalmic nerve. These fibres were intact after removal of the ciliary ganglion.

Acetylcholinesterase↗