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PubMed1998

[Post diameter optimal design of over dentures attachment].

OBJECTIVE: The effect of the post diameter design of over dentures attachment on the strss distribution of pulpless dentine was investigated in this study. METHODS: The optimal post diameter design was computed with a finite element method and analyzed with graphic method. RESULTS: The changes between the dentine stress value and the post diameter was parabola relationship. The optimal diameter of attachment post was 1.55 mm for this study model. The dentine thickness which retained above apical foramen 4 mm was 0.83 mm. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides a series of valuable parameters for making a post diameter optimal design of over dentures attachment.

Denture Design↗
PubMed2000

Early versus delayed initiation of breastfeeding.

EDITORIAL NOTE: This review has been withdrawn because it is out of date. The topic will be covered by a new review, 'The effect of the timing of feedings on the establishment of breastfeeding', the protocol for which is currently being prepared. BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the timing of a baby's first breastfeed may influence breastfeeding duration and emotional attachment. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of breastfeeding soon after birth (within 30 minutes) compared to being breastfed later (between 4 to 8 hours after delivery) on the duration of breastfeeding and the mother/infant relationship. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing early skin contact and breastfeeding with late skin contact and breastfeeding in women intending to breastfeed their healthy term infant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies involving 209 women were included. Compared with late contact and breastfeeding, early contact and breastfeeding was associated with greater communication between mother and infants in a two minute observation period (odds ratio 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.61). There was no difference detected for numbers of women breastfeeding after birth (odds ratio for 12 weeks after birth 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 1.54). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found between early and delayed contact in regard to breastfeeding duration. Early contact was associated with greater communication between mothers and infants.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1987

Hormonal and behavioral attachment responses in infant guinea pigs.

Infant guinea pigs, 11/12 and 18/19 days of age, exhibited high rates of vocalizing and increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol when separated from their mothers for 30 min in a novel environment (unfamiliar cage in an unfamiliar room). Levels of vocalizations and plasma cortisol were significantly reduced when the pup was exposed to the novel environment with its own conscious or anesthetized mother, but not when it was exposed with an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Pups spent equivalent amounts of time in physical contact with their own conscious mother, their own anesthetized mother and an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Unexpectedly, when the unfamiliar cage was placed in an environmental chamber during separation, pups showed negligible increases in vocalizations and plasma cortisol levels, even when administered footshock just prior to exposure. These findings demonstrate that guinea pig pups exhibit adrenocorticoid as well as behavioral responses to maternal separation, provide further evidence for the existence of filial attachment in this species, and document an unexpected role of the test environment in determining responses during maternal separation. The guinea pig may afford a rodent model for examining the effects of attachment-object separation on the activity of the pituitary-adrenal system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect infant responses to maternal separation.

Responses of individuals to the loss of a primary attachment object may be quite variable. In humans, it has been suggested that only about 25% of bereavements result in substantial psychological or medical morbidity (Hamburg et al. 1975). In nonhuman primates, which are used to model responses to separation and loss, a similar estimate of about 25% has also been obtained (McKinney 1985). In addition, there are wide-ranging species differences in vulnerability with regard to the nature and severity of the response to maternal separation and/or loss. All of these findings suggest that there are important processes, intrinsic and/or extrinsic to the individual, that contribute to the probability that a loss will produce a major behavioral or physiological response. We have been systematically examining some of the factors that may account for a portion of this variability in two species of macaques (bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata; and pigtail monkeys, M. nemestrina).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bridging the gap between attachment and object relations theories: a study of the transition to motherhood.

An empirical study of the relations between assessments of adult attachment styles and object representations was performed in the context of first-time mothers' emotional ties to their unborn babies. We assumed that, while conceptualizations of attachment behaviour and internal working models grasp the early basic patterns of interpersonal relationships and affect regulation, object representations indicate current transformations of these patterns in an individual's internal world. Participants were a sample of 120 women in the third trimester of their first pregnancy. Participants' representations of their own mothers were found to fully mediate the association between internal working models and antenatal ties to their babies. Similarities and differences between theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations of attachment and object relations theories are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Complete overdenture retained with implants and bar-clip attachments].

OBJECTIVE: To sum up and evaluate the applied experience and applied effects of implants and bar-clip attachments in complete overdenture. METHODS: Bar-clip attachments were used as a super structure of implant to manufacture complete overdenture in three designs: mucosa, implant-mucosa, and implant supporting way. The retentive force of the overdenture was measured with measuring instrument of retentive force of prosthesis. RESULTS: All three designs could obtain good retentive effect, specially implant-mucosa supporting and implant supporting designs, which were of more better stability and supporting effect; 2-3 nelon clips could supply 10-15 N retentive force to the overdenture. CONCLUSION: The complete overdenture retained with implant and bar-clips attachments is a very effective way for restoration of endtulous patients, which should be applied more popularly.

Dental Implants↗
PubMed2002

[Establishment of two-dimensional magnetic field finite element analysis model of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish two-dimensional magnetic field finite element analysis model of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment for optmizing the design of magnetic attachments. METHODS: Because the magnetic field of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment is stable axial-symmetrical, the authors only analyzed two-dimensional magnetic field of 1/2 section. The Maxwell stress between magnet and keeper was integral analyzed using the finite element method, and the attractive force between magnetic attachments was obtained. RESULTS: Compared the value of calculated attractive force with that of examined, the authors found that the procedure veritably reflected influencing trend of variable factors on attractive force, and the value of former one was 10% less than the later one. CONCLUSION: This procedure can be used in magnetic field calculation of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachments.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2001

Smoking in adolescence as a predictor of early loss of periodontal attachment.

OBJECTIVES: On the basis of information from studies of older adults, smoking is considered to be an important risk factor for periodontal disease. Examining periodontal loss of attachment among younger adults means a lower contribution from cumulative exposure to other environmental risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine the role of chronic exposure to cigarette smoking as a risk factor for greater prevalence and extent of periodontal loss of attachment among 26-year-old participants in a longstanding prospective cohort study. METHODS: Loss of attachment (LOA) was measured at three sites per tooth in two randomly selected contralateral quadrants (one upper, one lower). Cigarette smoking history was obtained at ages 15, 18, 21 and 26, and used to categorise participants as "never-smokers", "ever-smokers", "long-term smokers" or "very longterm smokers". RESULTS: Periodontal data were available for 914 Study members, among whom the prevalence of LOA of 4+mm was 19.4%. Among those who smoked at ages 15, 18, 21 and 26, it was 33.6%, and, after controlling for sex, selfcare and dental visiting, they were nearly three times as likely to have one or more sites with 4+mm LOA. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure to smoking is a strong predictor of periodontal disease prevalence in young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Bridging the gap between attachment and object relations theories: A study of the transition to motherhood.

An empirical study of the relations between assessments of adult attachment styles and object representations was performed in the context of first-time mothers' emotional ties to their unborn babies. We assumed that, while conceptualizations of attachment behaviour and internal working models grasp the early basic patterns of interpersonal relationships and affect regulation, object representations indicate current transformations of these patterns in an individual's internal world. Participants were a sample of 120 women in the third trimester of their first pregnancy. Participants' representations of their own mothers were found to fully mediate the association between internal working models and antenatal ties to their babies. Similarities and differences between theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations of attachment and object relations theories are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Surface stress analysis of distal extension removable partial denture retained with two types of semi-precision attachments].

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are to analyze the surface stress of the periodontal supporting bone of the bilateral distol extension removable partial denture which is retained by using intra-coronal or extra-coronal semi-precision attachment, and to characterize the biomechanics of these two designs by using a strain gauge. METHODS: A fresh human mandible specimen with 76|67 missing and six bilateral partial removable denture retained with six semi-precision attachments were made, including three attachments with intra-coronal studs and three attachments with extra-coronal vertical bars. A total of six 45 degrees rosette strain gauges were bonded at six prepared points on the surface of the mandible to measure the surface stress, including the middle point between 76 of the buccal edentulous alveolar crest area under the denture base verge(point 1), the distal buccal cervix of 5 (point 2), the buccal apical area of 5 (point 3), the buccal middle area of 34 roots (point 4, 5), the lingual middle area of 5 root (point 6). The static loads of 14N, 28N and 42N were applied vertically, buccally 45 degrees, lingually 45 degrees at the middle point of the 6|6 occlusal surface. The micro-strain was recorded, and the maximal/minimal principle stresses were calculated for each RPD and each point. The stress characteristics of these two types of attachments were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: In most situations, the stress of these two semi-precision attachments showed significant differences. The vertical load: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 differed significantly(P < 0.05), including points 1, 2, (sigma intra < sigma extra) and points 3, 4, 6(sigma intra > sigma extra). Buccal loads: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 differed significantly(P < 0.05), including points 1, 2(sigma intra < sigma extra) and points 3, 4, 5(sigma intra > sigma extra). Lingual loads: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 2, 3, 4, 6 differed significantly (P < 0.05, sigma intra > sigma extra). The intra-coronal attachment generally produced higher stress at the site of the alveolar bone around the abutment than the extra-coronal attachment, but extra-coronal attachment produced higher stress at the edentulous alveolar crest and the distal cervical alveolar bone of the distal abutment than the intra-coronal attachment. CONCLUSION: The intra-coronal attachment is suggested to be applied in some cases that the periodontal condition of distal abutment was good, and the extra-coronal attachment is suggested to be used in some cases that the condition of the edentulous alveolar crest is fairly good, while the periodontal condition of the distal abutment was relatively weak.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes of rural general practitioners towards undergraduate medical student attachments.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing exposure of undergraduate medical students to rural practice is a key component of the national effort in Australia to redress the rural workforce shortage. For this exposure to be successful, willing cooperation of current rural general practitioners is essential. To date there has been no formal assessment of rural general practitioners' attitudes to having undergraduate medical students attached to their practice. METHOD: A descriptive survey, using a mailed questionnaire was sent to all 316 general practitioners currently practising in rural areas of South Australia, as identified from the database maintained by the South Australian Rural Practice Training Unit. RESULTS: A 71.5% response rate (n = 225) was achieved, of which 203 were eligible for inclusion. Of these, 176 doctors had medical student attachments in their practice on at least one occasion; 74.4% of whom (n = 131) perceived the attachments to have a positive experience on their continuing medical education experience, and 81.1% (n = 142) described a positive experience on their professional development. However, 52.6% (n = 92) felt the attachments had a negative effect on their income. Almost all the doctors who were included in the survey (94.6%, n = 192) were willing to have students attached to their practice in the future for between one to two weeks. Of these, 169 wanted quality assurance points, 112 wanted financial reimbursement, and 108 wanted 'academic status' with a university. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that rural general practitioners are willing to have students attached to their practice for periods between one to two weeks, providing they receive quality assurance points, and to a lesser extent, financial reimbursement and academic status.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

General practitioners, students and the objectives of general practice attachments.

The objectives for undergraduate experience in general practice vary little from school to school although the timing and duration of attachment does. Students' views of the relevance and achievement of these objectives to a two-week attachment in the final year of St. George's Hospital Medical Schools' old curriculum are shown to differ from those of their GPs. The implications of these differences for planning undergraduate learning in general practice are discussed.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2002

Defenses against goodness.

This paper examines the fantasies and conflicts of analysands who avoid the experience and expression of positive reactions to the goodness of others and who hide feelings that would elicit that goodness. Envious wishes to spoil good objects, attachments to bad objects, defenses against gratitude and dependence, negative therapeutic reactions, and other such conflictual developments can help forestall depressive anxiety in these analysands. They dread abandoning narcissistic, omnipotent, sadomasochistic, and persecutory paranoidschizoid positions, and fear moving toward the mature depressive position, with its burdens of seemingly intolerable guilt, concern, felt ambivalence, and vulnerability to humiliation and disappointment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Play therapy for a child with separation anxiety disorder].

Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by severe and exceeding anxiety and fear when a child is facing separation with attachment objects. More over, it affected the child in language, emotional and social interest and development. These children usually brought to physician's attention due to refusal to go to school, social withdraw or multiple somatic complaints with attachment behavior wanted to be nearby or closed to the attachment objects. A child's early attachment relationship and previous separation experience play a major role in the formation of separation anxiety disorder. This report presents a psychoanalytically-oriented play therapy for a 2-year-8-month-old boy in 17 months period total of 54 sessions. According to the main themes in each session the process can be divided into 4 stages, namely establishing therapeutic relationship, expressing repressed emotions, management of transference, attachment and conflict in therapy, and self growth and termination. The formulation of this case and management were discussed.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attachment theory: a model for health care utilization and somatization.

OBJECTIVE: Attachment theory proposes that cognitive schemas based on earlier repeated experiences with caregivers influence how individuals perceive and act within interpersonal relationships. We hypothesized that medical patients with two types of insecure attachment-preoccupied and fearful attachment-would have higher physical symptom reporting compared with those with other attachment styles, but that preoccupied attachment would be associated with higher and fearful attachment with lower primary care utilization and costs. METHODS: In a large sample of adult female primary care health maintenance organization patients (N = 701), we used analysis of covariance and Poisson regressions to determine whether attachment style was significantly associated with 1) symptom reporting based on questions from the somatization section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and 2) contemporaneous automated utilization and cost data. RESULTS: Attachment style was significantly associated with symptom reporting (p =.02), with patients with preoccupied (p =.03) and fearful (p =.003) attachment having a significantly greater number of physical symptoms compared with secure patients. There were no significant differences in medical comorbidity between attachment groups. Attachment was also significantly associated with primary care visits and costs. Patients with preoccupied attachment had the highest primary care costs and utilization, whereas patients with fearful attachment had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that attachment style is an important factor in assessing symptom perception and health care utilization. Despite being on opposite ends of the utilization spectrum, patients with preoccupied and fearful attachment have the highest symptom reporting. These data challenge the observation that increased symptom reporting is uniformly associated with increased utilization in medical patients.

Adult↗