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PubMed1987

From Osler to Olafson. The evolution of veterinary pathology in North America.

Most branches of biological science in North America developed first in the United States, and later were taught and practiced in Canada. An exception was veterinary pathology, which as a discipline taught in veterinary colleges and as a field of research, developed first in Canada, and from there crossed the border to the United States. Pathology was first taught at the Montreal Veterinary College, founded in 1866 by Duncan McEachran, a graduate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College. From the outset, he formed a close association with the medical faculty of McGill University, permitting his students to attend the same classes in the basic subjects with the medical students. Eventually, the Montreal Veterinary College became formally affiliated with McGill University, as the Faculty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. The McGill veterinary faculty was forced to close for economic reasons in 1903, but it left an enduring legacy, particularly in the field of veterinary pathology. The legacy, a novel concept in the 1870's, was that pathology was the cornerstone of a veterinary education; the place where anatomy, physiology, chemistry and botany met with the clinical subjects, and gave the latter meaning. This tradition was formed at the Montreal Veterinary College by the world renowned physician William Osler, North America's leading medical teacher, whom McEachran had invited to teach at the College in 1876 in addition to his duties in the faculty of medicine. Osler had studied with Virchow in Berlin and applied his methods of autopsy technique and of scientific inquiry to his teaching of both human and veterinary pathology at McGill. Osler also undertook investigations into various diseases of domestic animals, at the request of McEachran, who doubled as Chief Veterinary Inspector for the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Osler left McGill University in 1884. Only after that year did other North American veterinary schools adopt pathology as a discipline of instruction. However, by 1884, Osler had already left his indelible imprint on the students (both medical and veterinary) he had taught in Montreal, one of whom took over the teaching of pathology in the veterinary college. Another, who followed Osler's example and also studied in Berlin with Virchow, wrote the first book in the English language on veterinary post mortem technique in 1889.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Morphometric methods in veterinary pathology: a review.

The stereological procedures available for estimating volume, surface area and number of the structural components of cells and tissue are reviewed. The applications of stereology to the study of liver, mammary gland, lung and placenta are discussed with particular emphasis on the aspects of interest to veterinary pathologists. Stereology provides the cell biologist and the pathologist with a powerful tool for describing biological structure in quantitative terms at various levels of organization from the organ to the organelle.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

ATLes: the strategic application of Web-based technology to address learning objectives and enhance classroom discussion in a veterinary pathology course.

A case-based program called ATLes (Adaptive Teaching and Learning Environments) was designed for use in a systemic pathology course and implemented over a four-year period. Second-year veterinary students working in small collaborative learning groups used the program prior to their weekly pathology laboratory. The goals of ATLes were to better address specific learning objectives in the course (notably the appreciation of pathophysiology), to solve previously identified problems associated with information overload and information sorting that commonly occur as part of discovery-based processes, and to enhance classroom discussion. The program was also designed to model and allow students to practice the problem-oriented approach to clinical cases, thereby enabling them to study pathology in a relevant clinical context. Features included opportunities for students to obtain additional information on the case by requesting specific laboratory tests and/or diagnostic procedures. However, students were also required to justify their diagnostic plans and to provide mechanistic analyses. The use of ATLes met most of these objectives. Student acceptance was high, and students favorably reviewed the online ''Content Links'' that made useful information more readily accessible and level appropriate. Students came to the lab better prepared to engage in an in-depth and high-quality discussion and were better able to connect clinical problems to underlying changes in tissue (lesions). However, many students indicated that the required time on task prior to lab might have been excessive relative to what they thought they learned. The classroom discussion, although improved, was not elevated to the expected level-most likely reflecting other missing elements of the learning environment, including the existing student culture and the students' current discussion skills. This article briefly discusses the lessons learned from ATLes and how similar case-based exercises might be combined with other approaches to enhance and enliven classroom discussions in the veterinary curriculum.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2000

[Histopathological diagnosis of mycoses in veterinary pathology].

Histopathological analysis demonstrates the morphology of the fungi and shows their relationship with tissue lesions, which is a valuable information in the diagnosis of veterinary mycoses, especially in superficial infections where reservoirs make difficult the diagnosis using other techniques. On the other hand, histopathological analysis should be complementary to other methods such as culture, immunohistochemistry, serology, PCR, etc. In this work, the most relevant histopathological features of some of the most common mycoses of domestic animals, some of which have zoonotic potential, are described and their differential diagnosis is discussed. To facilitate the discussion of the differential diagnoses, mycoses have been grouped by the sites of the infections and by the nature of the fungi (dimorphic and filamentous). Mycoses included in the study were 1) Superficial and deep infections: dermatophytosis, dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, eumycotic mycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis and malasezziasis. 2) Systemic mycoses: aspergillosis and zygomycosis. 3) Mycoses due to dimorphic fungi: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. 4) Infections by algae and other fungi: protothecosis and pneumocystosis.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1989

Lipopigments in veterinary pathology: pathogenesis and terminology.

The lipopigments are a heterogenous group of pigments whose pathogenesis and terminology is confused. Whereas there is epidemiological and observational evidence that ceroid is derived from degeneration and peroxidation of unsaturated lipid, the assumption that all so-called lipopigments are similarly formed, is questioned. In particular, recent studies have distanced the pathogenesis of the pigment found in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses from that perceived for ceroid. The importance of protein rather than lipid in the pathogenesis of the pigment of ceroid-lipofuscinosis and of age pigment from the equine thyroid is noted. In the former the essential feature is storage of the DCCD binding protein subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase. There is a need for more analytical studies on isolated pigments which are generally more soluble than anticipated by the literature. It is proposed that the term ceroid be limited to a family of pathological pigments where lipid degeneration and peroxidation is implied from observational and/or epidemiological factors. The term age pigment is unequivocal and preferred for age related pigment not obviously complicated by other factors. The terms lipofuscin and lipopigment retain a usefulness as generic terms, particularly where the nature of the pigment is uncertain. The term ceroid-lipofuscinosis for the inherited storage diseases of children and animals is misleading. The term "proteolipid proteinosis" has been suggested to define this group of diseases but this is perhaps premature until their full pathogenesis is known.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Staphylococcus aureus: study of genomic similarity of strains isolated in veterinary pathology using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).

Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread pathogen causing infections in different animal species. The extensive use of antibiotics, particularly methicillin, causes the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains (MRSA). In order to verify the epidemiology and genetic relatedness among MRSA and sensible strains (MSSA), an accurate fingerprinting technique, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), was carried out. The isolates were cultured, subdivided on MRSA and MSSA and submitted for the genomic DNA extraction that was utilized for AFLP. The data were analysed for genetic similarity using the Dice coefficient. The results of genomic analysis among MRSA and MSSA and within them revealed that the major component of variation was due to variation within strains (82.12%), while variance among strains was lower (17.88%). The low level of genomic similarity found among S. aureus strains implies high level of genetic diversity. Different similarity was found as well in all strains independently of the source.

Animals↗