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47 patients after leg amputation were investigated by the "Freiburg Personality Inventory" (FPI). Results showed that the personality structure of these patients corresponds to that of the normal population.
The present study investigated relationships between judges' ratings of hostility from the content of eight TAT-like stories and scores on Hostile Feelings and Hostile Actions scales of the Apperceptive Personality Test. This test was administered to 104 college students volunteers (53 women, 51 men), who received extra credit on examination scores for their participation. Each subject made up 8 stories to stimulus pictures and then filled out 8 objectively scorable questionnaires about their stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test. The stories were rated by two "blind" judges for hostile feelings and hostile activities using Fine's 1955 scoring criteria. Agreement of judges ranged from .47 to .80. Correlations of judge's ratings with Apperceptive Personality Test scores were .13 for Hostile Feelings and .41 (df = 102, p < .01) for Hostile Actions. Thus questionnaires scores for Hostile Feelings are unrelated and scores for Hostile Actions only moderately related to judge's ratings of story content.
The Munich Personality Test (MPT) is a brief questionnaire for the assessment of six personality dimensions proper (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Frustration Tolerance, Rigidity, Isolation Tendency, Esoteric Tendencies), one additional scale (Schizoidia, composed of the two shortest scales, Isolation Tendency and Esoteric Tendencies); an Orientation towards Social Norms, which might bias the rating, and the Motivation to perform the rating adequately can be ascertained by means of two control scales. There are two test versions, one for self-rating, the other one for a rating by a key person from the subject's social surroundings ("relatives' rating"). The instruction of both scales explicitly relates to times of mental and physical health in order to reduce the influence of symptoms of a disease on the values of the scales. The data presented indicate a highly consistent factorial structure of self-ratings and relatives' ratings, a significant concordance of both kind of ratings, a sufficient to marked degree of internal consistency of the test scales depending on the number of items in the scales, a fair degree of retest reliability after approximately 1 year and also, though less markedly, after around 7 years in psychiatric patients, and significant differences between groups of psychiatric patients and healthy subjects in all personality scales proper, partially depending on the type of the mental disorder. Judging from relatives' ratings and from other authors' data obtained in recovered patients, these differences cannot be fully explained by the influence of symptoms on the ratings. On the other hand, secondary changes of personality after brain damage have been demonstrated by other authors using a modified testing procedure. On the whole, the MPT offers a fairly differentiated picture of the personality structure in mental patients and healthy subjects.
OBJECTIVE: Comparisons of alcoholic and control subjects have revealed potential differences on a variety of personality tests. However, these results are difficult to interpret because subgroups of alcoholic subjects with antisocial personality disorder were often included in the overall analyses, and because testing was usually carried out while alcoholic subjects were in withdrawal. This article evaluates whether individuals' personality test scores at approximately age 20 predict their risk of subsequent development of alcohol abuse or dependence by about age 30. METHOD: As part of a larger prospective study of sons of alcoholic and control subjects, subsets of up to 78 subjects (39 matched pairs) out of a sample of 223 men took various personality tests that included the Eysenck Personality Inventory, subtests of the MMPI, and evaluations of locus of control and anxiety. An average of more than 9 years later, the incidence of alcohol abuse or dependence in these 223 subjects was determined by structured interviews. RESULTS: The 55 men who subsequently went on to develop alcohol abuse or dependence did not differ on any of the personality tests from the 168 men who did not develop alcoholism. CONCLUSIONS: These data are consistent with prospective studies indicating that except for antisocial personality disorder, it is difficult to identify a reliable personality profile associated with an individual's risk of alcoholism.
The application of several personality tests to 191 forensic subjects indicates that these tests contribute little to the evaluation of penal responsibility but do contribute to the social and criminal prognosis. Moreover, specific scales have been more useful in this study than comprehensive inventories.
This study investigated the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test with 225 undergraduates who completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale, actual-self and ideal-self semantic differential scales (e.g., Actual-self and ideal-self), and either the Apperceptive Personality Test or a modified version. A projected-self score was calculated using the semantic differential ratings of the hero(ine) character on the test, e.g., Projected self. A strong negative correlation indicated that, as the difference between the Ideal-self and Actual-self dereased, the difference between the Actual-self and Projected-self increased. Discriminant analyses indicated that highly guarded participants, e.g., high Social Desirability scores, showed more congruency between Ideal-self and Actual-self and less congruency between Actual-self ratings and Projected-self on the APT than did less guarded participants. When the difference scores incorporated only those semantic differential items that loaded on an Ealuative factor, the same result of discriminant analysis was found when participants who comleted the modified version were included. These findings support the validity of the test's semantic differential items and suggest that guardedness tends to promote more similarity between Actual-self and Ideal-self and less similarity between Actual-self and Projected-self.
As part of a test validation study at a major U.S.-based airline, the authors tested the effects of providing an "at work" frame-of-reference on the validity of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory among a sample of customer service supervisors (N = 206). Frame-of-reference moderated the validity of the Extraversion and Openness to Experience subscales after controlling for cognitive ability. In addition, the frame-of-reference personality test showed incremental validity over cognitive ability (deltaR2 = .16), but the standard personality test did not (deltaR2 = .05). The authors' discussion focuses on implications for personality theory and research and on implications for increasing the validity of personality tests in organizational settings.
To understand the nature of test reactions and their relationship to test performance, the relationships among belief in tests, pretest reactions, test performance, and posttest reactions were modeled for cognitive ability and personality tests. Results from structural equation models that were fitted to responses from 197 undergraduate examinees supported the hypothesized relationships. On the cognitive ability test, pretest reactions affected test performance and mediated the relationship between belief in tests and test performance. Test performance affected posttest reactions even after taking into account the effect of pretest reactions. On the personality test, belief in tests affected pretest and posttest reactions, but the three variables were unrelated to test performance (Conscientiousness scores). Conceptual, methodological, and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of research on test reactions and test performance.
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The predictive value of the Cattell 16-factor personality test on the occurrence of automobile accidents among conscripts during their 11-month military service in a transportation section of Finnish Defense Forces was examined. Automobile driving experience before and during the follow-up as well as the occurrence of traffic accidents and penalties before and during the follow-up period were investigated. Complete data on personality, mileage, and traffic accidents plus penalties were obtained for 597 conscripts. In this population, altogether 91 automobile accidents were recorded for 82 conscripts. A logistic model showed that impulsivity and adventurousness (high score in factor H), naivete and excessive trustfulness (low score in factor L), and poor self-control (low score in factor Q3) predicted significantly, and guilt proneness and depression (high score in factor O) almost significantly the subsequent occurrence of motor vehicle accidents. Factors L and Q3 remained significant when only accidents of which the subject was found guilty were being predicted. All these personality factors are related to the control of emotions. The results indicate that the 16-factor personality test is valuable when selecting safe drivers in a population of young male adults with little previous driving experience.
Gene-based molecular diagnostics is changing the practice of medicine and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. The major underlying principle of these diagnostic tests is the use of specific nucleic acid sequences as surrogates; amplification of the surrogate markers enables the detection of pathogens or disease-related gene mutations. Gene targets can be amplified by target-, probe- or signal-based methods. Combined use of nucleic acid amplification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with methods such as immuno-polymerase-chain reaction allows us to detect protein at femtogram (10(15) g) levels. A variety of choices are available for the detection of amplified amplicons with the fluorophore-linked nanoparticles as the most sensitive markers. The unique advantages of using covalently-linked nanoparticles include the detection of single molecules, the ability to enrich molecules of interest with unprecedented detection sensitivity (up to zeptogram levels, 10(21) g) and the flexibility of multiple functionalization. Automation appears to be the current trend for high-volume molecular testing of infectious diseases. Molecular profiling of various diseases using genomic or proteomic approaches opens up a molecule wonderland with promise and emergence of new molecular testing that will likely impact the practice of medicine to a greater degree in the future. The future of molecular-based testing and the journey toward personalized testing will be discussed.
This study examined the factor structure of the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT), a recently developed picture-story technique with both projective and objective features. University undergraduates (513 males, 664 females) were administered the APT in individual group sessions. A principal components analysis (Varimax rotation) was performed with 18 of the standard APT variables and resulted in three similar factors for both male and female samples. The first and largest factor was a positive evaluation factor, the second a negative evaluation factor, and the third an "intensity" factor. The usefulness and meaning of the factor analysis are discussed briefly.
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Evaluated the reliability and validity of objective scoring procedures on the Draw-A-Person Test. Handler's (1967) scales and other ratings of overall quality were used. Ss were mentally retarded persons, hospitalized and non-hospitalized psychotics, and normals. Naive raters scored the protocols under blind conditions. Reliability estimates for both sets of scales ranged from .42 to .78. Positive evidence also is presented, which indicates that overall quality does relate to overall level of psychological adjustment. Group and scale differences are discussed.
BACKGROUND: The eye is moved so that the object of interest falls on the central fovea, where the spatial resolution is highest. In the present study we quantified eye movements of normal test persons during steady fixation and characterized the fixation using a 3D fixation plot (X horizontal eye position, Y vertical eye position, Z time in each eye position). METHOD: Fixation eye movements were quantified binocularly in ten normal test persons during a 40-s fixation task using an infrared recording technique. RESULTS: The fixation plot was characterized by a single preferred fixation locus in 17 eyes. One eye had two distinctly separated preferred fixation locations and in two eyes the configuration of fixation plot was flat with no single identifiable locus of fixation. The fixation plots were elliptical along the horizontal meridian in 9 eyes, elliptical along the vertical meridian in 8 eyes, and round in 3 eyes. The fixation area (RAF95) ranged between 1418 and 14182 arcmin(2), and a significant positive correlation was found between RAF95 and the mean microsaccadic amplitude (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The fixation plots are often characterized by a single preferred fixation locus but may also be almost flat with no identifiable location of fixation. The individual fixations patterns resembles the cone density contour plots as found in histological studies, and it may be speculated, that the shape of the fixation plot is determined by the cone density topography.
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PURPOSE: To determine the psychological state and personality traits of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or glaucoma so that a closer and better relationship can be developed with the patients. METHODS: The Yatabe-Guilford personality test was administered to 75 RP patients and 42 glaucoma patients. The latter group included 29 cases of primary open-angle glaucoma, 6 of primary angle-closure glaucoma, and 7 of normal-tension glaucoma. The patients were being treated at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiba University Hospital. As controls, 47 age-matched volunteers were tested. RESULTS: A comparison of these three groups showed that the proportions of patients with cyclic tendency, rhathymia, and lack of cooperativeness traits were significantly higher in the RP group than in the glaucoma group. The lack of cooperativeness value was especially higher in the RP than in the glaucoma group and the control group (Fisher exact test, P <.05). On the other hand, the nervousness value was significantly higher in the glaucoma group than in the RP group and than in controls (Fisher exact test, P <.05). Factors of sex, age, type of disease, corrected visual acuity, and central visual fields did not influence the profiles of the RP and glaucoma groups. CONCLUSION: RP patients had relatively well-stabilized personalities and were optimistic, while glaucoma patients tended toward nervousness in comparison with RP patients and controls.