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PubMed1977

Molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum, urine, and placental extracts.

The molecular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were assessed in serum, urine, and placental extracts by gel filtration chromatography using radioimmunoassays for hCG, hCGalpha, and hCGbeta and a radioreceptor assay for hCG. The predominant form in all three biologic specimens was native-sized hCG. An excess of free alpha-subunit was also found in all three specimens. A small molecular weight fragment, reactive in the hCGbeta assay, was noted in urine and placental extracts. A large molecular form, reactive in all three radioimmunoassays and in the radioreceptor assay, was found in placental extracts. This large molecular species could not be dissociated by conditions that totally dissociate hCG.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Wound healing activity of human placental extracts in rats.

AIM: To study wound healing activity of the human placental extract (HPE) in rats. METHODS: Full thickness wounds were inflicted on depilated dorsum of Charles foster rats with 8 mm Acu-punch biopsy. The HPE was applied both at topical and im routes (2.5 mL/kg). Effects were compared on the basis of physical criteria, biochemical criteria, and histopathological study with respect to untreated control, vehicle control (1.5 % benzyl alcohol), and framycetin topical treated groups. RESULTS: Significant lowering of wound size (P<0.05), wound index (P<0.05), and number of days required for complete healing (P<0.01); significant gain in tensile strength (P<0.01); appreciable increase of tissue DNA, total protein, and collagenesis were observed in HPE treated group. CONCLUSION: Human placental extract systematically helps collagenesis leading to potent healing of wounds.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A placental extract inhibits breathing induced by umbilical cord occlusion in fetal sheep.

Umbilical cord occlusion in the presence of adequate oxygenation induces continuous breathing and arousal in the chronic unanesthetized fetal sheep preparation. The mechanism responsible for this is unknown. We hypothesized that if a placental factor is responsible for the inhibition of breathing in the fetus, the administration of a placental extract while the fetus is breathing continuously after cord occlusion should reverse these changes. Thus, at about 10 min after the induction of continuous breathing by cord occlusion, we administered a placental extract and three subfractions separated by ultrafiltration to 14 chronically instrumented fetal sheep at 133 +/- 1 day gestation. The Krebs solution in which the placental extract was prepared was used as control. Within two minutes of the infusion of the whole placental extract in the carotid artery of the fetus, breathing output (integral of EMGdi x f) diminished in all experiments and was completely abolished in 15/17 (88%). Krebs solution had no effect on breathing. The infusion of subfractions of different molecular weight showed that the inhibition was primarily related to the subfraction between 3.5 and 10 kD. There were no significant changes in blood gas tensions, pH, blood pressure, and heart rate associated with the infusions of the extracts. The ECoG switched from low to high voltage in the majority of the experiments using whole extract and the subfraction 3.5 to 10 kD. These findings suggest that a placental factor, probably a peptide with a molecular weight between 3.5 and 10 kD, inhibits breathing in fetal life.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Suprresion of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation in mice by uterine and placental extracts.

The effects of uterine extracts from virgin mice and uterine and placental extracts from mice at various stages of gestation on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro were compared. Placental and uterine extracts from mice in gestation, at 1% final concentration by volume, caused marked depression of lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). An equivalent concentration of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most marked with uterine extracts of mice at 15 days of gestation. At least two factors of different m.w. in uterine and placental extracts were responsible for suppression of lymphocyte reactivity. The higher m.w. fraction, present in small amounts in the uteri of virgin mice, was markedly increased in uteri of pregnant mice. This fraction contained immunoglobulin G (IgG). These factors may be involved in a protective role for the fetus from rejection by the mother as an allograft, thus assuring successful pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Existence of associated, non-associated, and oligomeric forms of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits in placental extracts.

The molecular sizes of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) subunits in the native state in normal first trimester placental extracts were determined by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein blotting, and immunobinding analysis using anti-alpha and - beta antibodies. Mature forms of hCG subunits in the extracts were only found in the same fraction as that which contained standard urinary hCG, indicating an alpha beta dimer. On the other hand, immature forms were detected with a wide range of molecular weights, which were higher than that of standard hCG, suggesting oligomerization of associated or non-associated immature subunits. In order to determine the associated state of these subunits, various forms of associated subunits (hCG alpha beta) in placental extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-hCG antiserum, which only recognized hCG alpha beta, and Protein A-Sepharose. They were then analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions, followed by immunobinding assaying. It has been suggested that there are three kinds of hCG alpha beta S (one mature and two immature). To confirm the above results and to clarify the existence of free subunits, placental extracts were subjected to two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With this technique, high molecular weight forms of immature hCG subunits were found to be present in placental cells as an oligomer of not only the alpha beta dimer but of each subunit as well.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗

PubMed1992

A fraction of murine placental extract enhances IgA production in cultured splenocytes.

During the second half of murine pregnancy there is a characteristic increase in the number of spontaneous immunoglobulin-secreting cells in the maternal spleen (IgM, IgG and IgA), the uterus-draining lymph nodes (IgG) and Peyer's patches (IgA). There are indications that signals originating from the feto-placental unit are of importance for the generation of at least some of these changes. To evaluate further the role of placental factors as regulators of maternal Ig-secretion, placental extract (PE) was separated into eight fractions by gel-chromatography and each fraction was screened for its effect on splenic (1) background DNA-synthesis, (2) background Ig-secretion and (3) Ig-secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated B-cells (anti-Thy1.2 + complement-treated splenocytes). Similarly prepared extracts of fetuses, maternal spleen and maternal liver served as controls. All tissue extracts and splenocytes were syngeneic to avoid reaction to allogeneic determinants. Placental extract fractions did not differ significantly from the other tissue extracts in affecting background lymphocyte activity. However, fraction number 3 from placental extract (PE3, corresponding to an approximate molecular weight of 18-70 kDa) was found strongly to increase the number of IgA-secreting cells (P less than or equal to 0.001) in LPS-activated B-cells. This effect was absent or much less pronounced in the corresponding controls. Blocking of PE3-activity by antibodies against rat prolactin indicated that the enhancing activity may be attributed to proteins of the prolactin/placental lactogen/growth hormone family. This assumption was further strengthened by experiments demonstrating that prolactin exerted preferential enhancement of IgA secretion when added to LPS-activated B-cell cultures in vitro. The possible role of placental prolactin-like molecules as regulators of maternal IgA secretion is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Role of human placental extract on succinic dehydrogenase activity in carrageenin-induced edema in rats in vivo and its effect on erythrocyte lysis, platelet aggregation and trypsin activity in vitro.

Significant increase of liver succinic dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1) activity was produced by carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Pretreatment with human placental extract inhibited the increased liver SDH activity in a dose-dependent manner. Placental extract was found to have little or no effect on the liver SDH activity in normal rats. Furthermore, heat-induced erythrocyte lysis was inhibited to a substantial extent by the extract and was found to be dose-responsive. However, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and trypsin activity were not changed by the placental extract in vitro. The study indicates that the membrane stabilization and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis may contribute to antiinflammatory effect of the extract.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

An ADPase-like substance in placental extracts.

The inhibitory effect of human placenta on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was examined. Placental extracts were purified by chromatography and gel filtration. The eluted fractions were subjected to affinity chromatography with Bestatin AH-Sepharose to obtain a more purified substance. A substance markedly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, and also exhibited high placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) activity. Preincubation of sample with ADP abolished the platelet aggregatory effect. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed that the substance hydrolyzed ADP to AMP. The potent anti-platelet aggregating activity of placental extracts appears to be due to ADPase-like action. This action may be one of the controlling factors of hemostasis in fetoplacental circulation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1987

Early pregnancy factor: large scale isolation of rosette inhibition test-active polypeptides from ovine placental extracts.

Protocols are described for the isolation of substantial (mg) amounts of a rosette inhibition test (RIT)-active polypeptide fraction from ovine placental extracts. The main component of the preparation is a 12K polypeptide which contains a highly reactive thiol group. Oxidation may occur during isolation with the result that the final preparation is a mixture of the 12K polypeptide and a 25K disulphide linked dimer. The highly reactive thiol group was found to be directly involved in activity expression since gentle reduction followed by iodoacetylation resulted in a complete loss of activity. Antisera were prepared and the antibodies removed all the RIT activity from fresh ovine placental extracts, indicating that molecules related to those in the isolated preparation were responsible for all the activity in crude extracts. The antibodies also removed all the RIT activity from ovine and murine pregnancy sera, obtained both before and after implantation. Since EPF is defined as an RIT activity detected in pregnancy serum, these results establish that EPF activity is due to molecules similar to those isolated from the placental extracts. The availability of the preparative protocol and antibodies should hasten the biochemical definition of the EPF phenomenon.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Clinical evaluation of human placental extract (placentrex) in radiation-induced oral mucositis.

To evaluate human placental extract in the treatment of radiation mucositis involving the oral/oropharyngeal region, a prospective randomized study was carried out in 120 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck from August 1997 to March 1999. The study was conducted in patients receiving radical external radiation therapy, planned for = > 60 Gy/30 F/6 weeks, who developed grade 2 radiation mucositis (patchy mucositis) during radiation treatment. The patients were randomized in two groups of 60 patients each to receive either placentrex treatment (placentrex group) or conventional treatment (control group). Placentrex treatment was given as Inj Placentrex 2 ml by deep intramuscular injection 5 days a week for 15 injections. Conventional treatment given in the control group was disprin gargles and betamethasone oral drops. A subjective decrease in pain was observed in 48/60 (80%) of patients in the placentrex group compared with 22/60 (36.7%) in the control group. The progression to grade 3 radiation mucositis was 24/60 (40%) in the placentrex group compared with 52/60 (86.7%) in the control group. The subjective improvement in difficulty in swallowing was seen in 56/60 (93%) of patients in the placentrex group compared with 9/60 (15%) of patients in the control group. Only one patient in the placentrex group compared with three in the control group required interruption of radiation therapy because of severe radiation reactions. Human placental extract appears to be effective in the management of radiation-induced oral/oropharyngeal mucositis and especially in controlling subjective symptoms.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗

PubMed2003

Anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activity of human placental extract.

AIM: To find the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregatory activity of human placental extract (HPE, Placentrex). METHODS: The HPE was studied for anti-inflammatory effect in Wistar rats on carrageenin, serotonin (5-HT), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) induced edema in acute model and cotton pellet induced granuloma on sub-acute model. Anti-platelet aggregation was studied against protection of adinosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of human platelet through in vitro study. RESULTS: HPE showed positive results both in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation. Highly significant (P<0.01) results were obtained against 5-HT induced acute inflammation and cotton pellet induced sub-acute inflammation in comparison with standard (diclofenac sodium) and control (normal saline) drugs. The anti-inflammatory property of HPE in animal model was well supported with clinical study of platelet aggregation. There was highly significant (P<0.01) inhibition of platelet aggregation with HPE at different doses against ADP. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that human placental extract may be useful in suppressing inflammation and platelet aggregation.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Inhibition of prolactin secretion of rat placental extract.

Intact and gonadectomized male rats were injected for 4 days with aqueous extracts of midgestation rat placentae to study the effects of this treatment on pituitary secretory function. Experimental rats received daily doses of extract equivalent to one, two, or four placentae; controls were injected with liver extract. At autopsy, 24 hr after the last injection, serum and anterior pituitary glands were collected for radioimmunoassay of FSH, LH, and PRL. Placental extracts caused a dose-related reduction of serum PRL concentration in both intact and gonadectomized rats and depressed circulating LH levels of intact animals. Serum FSH concentration was not affected by this treatment. Pituitary levels of the three hormones were not significantly different between animals injected with placental extract and their liver-injected controls. We conclude that rat placental extract contains a substance, likely to be chorionic mammotropin (rCM), capable of modifying pituitary secretory function during pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1950

[Method of obtaining and results of application of natural placental extract condensed in vacuum and combined with placental tissue].

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Female↗

PubMed2005

In vitro induction of nitric oxide by mouse peritoneal macrophages treated with human placental extract.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important cellular mediator of tissue repair. It is produced in macrophages by the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during wound healing. An aqueous extract of human placenta used as wound healer, has been investigated in terms of induction of NO by mouse peritoneal macrophages as well as human monocyte derived macrophages. NO production was estimated in macrophages culture supernatants. Incubation of 0.1 to 20 mg/ml of placental extract with 2x10(6) cells in vitro produced 10 to 100 microM of nitrite (n=4) in a dose dependent manner suggesting production of NO. With increase of NO production, NADPH present in the applied extract decreased proportionately. Application of L-NG monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA), an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, reduced the production of NO at the basal level. Dose dependent release of IFN-gamma with respect to placental extract by the mouse macrophages was observed. It has been observed that human monocytes derived macrophages also produced significant amount of NO by induction of the extract. Similar induction of NO by placental extract in presence and absence of polymyxin B suggested that this property is not likely to be mediated by the endotoxin/LPS.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Phosphatase activity of placental extracts and pregnant mare's plasma.

Equine placental extracts show phosphatase activity with a pH optimum between 4.5 and 6. The enzyme shows heat stability to 45 degrees C and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate demonstrates the presence of two bands of activity. Histochemistry confirms the presence of phosphatase activity in the placental villi. Assay of plasma samples from pregnant mares showed no increase in phosphatase activity through pregnancy under conditions of test.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Modulation of mouse anti-SRBC antibody responses by placental extracts. II. Antigen specificity and regulatory role of B and T cell populations affected by two distinct placental fractions.

Previous results from our group had shown that when CBA mice are primed to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in the presence of various doses of placental extract (PE) (or liver extract [LE] as control), their spleen cells injected into normal syngeneic recipients have important immunoregulatory properties. Low doses of PE (0.25 to 4 mg per mouse) induce a marked decrease of the PFC response against SRBC in recipient animals. In contrast, higher doses of PE (8 to 13 mg per mouse) have a potentiating effect on the same response. LE is not different from a saline injection, at any dose. The suppressive and enhancing effects can be reproduced with two distinct placental fractions (PF) of 40 KD and 60 KD, respectively. In the present report, we have studied the requirement for an antigenic stimulation at the same time as the injection of PE, and the antigenic specificity of the subsequent immunoregulatory effects. In addition, we have analyzed the functional properties of the spleen cell populations affected by PE or placental fractions: surface Ig- cells mediate the suppressive effect due to low doses of PE or the 40-KD fraction, whereas surface Ig+ cells are responsible for the enhancing effect due to high doses of PE or the 60-KD fraction. These immunoregulatory activities do not appear to be related to the presence of Ig fragments in PF, because our results have shown that no Ig fragments can be detected in either PF. Surface Ig- T cell populations from spleen cells treated with the 40-KD fraction and antigen have been further separated into Lyt-2- and Lyt-2+ subpopulations. Our results showed that Lyt-2+ cells alone suppress the PFC response anti-SRBC in both normal and irradiated syngeneic recipients. Thus, the injection of a 40-KD PF in the presence of antigen activates splenic T suppressor cells capable of specifically regulating a secondary antibody response in vivo.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1993

Elevated lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione levels and changes in glutathione-related enzymes in rats treated with human placental extract.

The in vivo effects of human placental extract (1-4 ml/kg) on hepatic lipid peroxidation, blood and liver glutathione (GSH) levels and several enzymes associated with the antioxidant defence mechanism; i.e., catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, together with some blood biochemical responses were investigated in rats. At an optimal dose level (4 ml/kg), a single acute intraperitoneal administration of the extract caused a significant enhancement (49.9%; p < 0.001) of lipid peroxidation with a decline in GSH level both in blood (45.1%; p < 0.001) and liver (61.0%; p < 0.001) in comparison to control animals. Activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were inhibited in a dose-responsive way by the treatment with the extract which also increased the activity of glutathione S-transferase in a dose-dependent manner. The extract was found to be hepatotoxic in terms of elevation of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum lactate dehydrogenase and blood methemoglobin concentration. Results of this study suggest the adverse consequences of the administration of the extract due to its substantial ability to alter normal cellular processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Placental extract injections in the treatment of loss of hair in women.

Placental extract injections were used with success in case of loss of hair in women during the period following confinement and outside this period. The overall rate of improvement was 74%; total recovery occurred in 43% of cases. In postpartum cases the rate of improvement was 91%, recovery 64%. The results obtained in 65 cases are reported. A double-blind study is planned.

Alopecia↗