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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of sodium chloride and potassium chloride on growth response of yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera brevis to free vitamin B6.

Acid hydrolysis is the most commonly used extraction procedure for the microbiological assay of vitamin B6 in food samples. Because NaCl or KCl is formed as a result of the extraction procedure, these 2 salts were tested as possible agents that may influence the growth response of the yeasts Saccharomyces uvarum and Kloeckera brevis. Results indicate that NaCl and KCl do effect the growth response of these 2 yeasts, depending on the salt concentration and the B6 vitamer present.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed1967

Metabolism of propionate by sheep-liver mitochondria. Effects of alpha-oxoglutarate, adenosine triphosphate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

1. A study has been made of the effects of ATP and alpha-oxoglutarate on the rate of metabolism of propionate by whole mitochondria from sheep liver, and by mitochondria disrupted with ultrasonic energy or by freezing and thawing. Whole mitochondria metabolized propionate aerobically; the rate was increased and stabilized by 0.5mm-ATP, and increased at least a further 50% by 1.67mm-alpha-oxoglutarate. 2. Anaerobically, externally added ATP at high concentrations permitted slow consumption of propionate. 3. In the presence of 1.3mm-ATP, but in the absence of alpha-oxoglutarate, there was no significant lag phase in the removal of propionate by whole mitochondria, and the rate declined at concentrations below 2mm. In the additional presence of 1.67mm-alpha-oxoglutarate or -glutamate, propionate was removed at linear rates until the residual propionate concentration was about 0.1mm. 4. Maximum rates of metabolism of propionate by whole mitochondria with 1.3mm-ATP occurred with alkali-metal chloride concentrations of 65-95mm and with K(+)/Na(+) ratios 5-10, both in the presence and absence of alpha-oxoglutarate. 5. With disrupted mitochondria stimulatory effects of alpha-oxoglutarate were obtained only aerobically, only with propionate and not propionyl-CoA as substrate, and only when sufficient mitochondrial structure remained to permit unsupplemented metabolism of propionate to occur. 6. In the presence of ATP and CoA, disrupted mitochondria fixed [2-(14)C]propionate at a rate adequate to explain the rate with whole mitochondria stimulated with ATP and alpha-oxoglutarate. 7. With both whole and partially disrupted mitochondria in the absence of ATP, the rate of metabolism of propionate was inhibited by about 80% by 3.3mm-AMP. The inhibition was partly overcome by alpha-oxoglutarate plus CoA. 8. It is concluded that the ultimate effect of alpha-oxoglutarate was to increase the rate of supply of ATP within the mitochondria. Reasons are given why it is premature to conclude that the extra ATP arose entirely from the oxidation of alpha-oxoglutarate itself.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1997

Dietary mixtures of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride: effects on lactational performance, acid-base status, and mineral metabolism of Holstein cows.

The objective of this study was to determine lactational, blood mineral, and blood acid-base responses to dietary mixtures of NaHCO3, NaCl, and KCl and dietary cation-anion difference by lactating diary cows. Three 100:0:0 (primary) blends, three 50:50:0 (binary) blends, and one 33:33:33 (tertiary) blend of NaHCO3, NaCl, and KCl, respectively, were formulated to replace 1% of the dry matter in a diet based on corn silage. Seven treatments were defined according to a simplex-centroid mixtures design using a partially balanced incomplete block arrangement. An eighth treatment served as a control and contained 1% SiO2 instead of the mineral blends. Dietary cation-anion difference ranged from +25 to +40 meq of (Na + K - Cl)/100 g of dietary dry matter. Diets were fed for three consecutive 28-d periods during summer to 36 midlactation cows. Cows that were fed the tertiary mixture had lower milk protein percentage, whole blood bicarbonate, and plasma K than did cows fed the other blends. With the exception of milk protein percentage and body weight gain, none of the mixtures had a significant impact on lactational performance. The lack of differences could have been due to the narrow range in the dietary cation-anion difference studied.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1990

Influence of sodium chloride or potassium chloride on systemic acid-base status, milk yield, and mineral metabolism in lactating dairy cows.

Our objective was to evaluate the response of lactating dairy cows to dietary Na, K, and Cl while holding cation-anion balance constant. Fifteen lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to age and previous milk yield, were assigned randomly to replicated 3 x 3 Latin squares with experimental periods of 3 wk. Diets contained sorghum silage and concentrate in a 40:60 ratio (DM basis) and were formulated to provide +32 meq of [(Na + K) - Cl]/100 g diet DM via one of three variations: 1) basal concentrations of dietary Na, K, and Cl, 2) basal diet with addition of 20 meq of Na and 20 meq of Cl/100 g in the form of 1.17% added NaCl, or 3) basal diet with the addition of 20 meq of K and 20 meq of Cl/100 g in the form of 1.56% added KCl. Free proton concentration in blood was increased by addition of NaCl and KCl; however, this increase did not appear to be physiologically significant, and no other measures of acid-base status were significantly affected. Plasma K was higher and plasma Mg was lower for the diets with supplemental NaCl or KCl than for basal diet. Urine mineral excretion reflected dietary mineral concentration, except Ca and Mg excretion rates were reduced by feeding the KCl diet. Milk yield reflected DM intake, which was lowest with supplemental NaCl. Results of this study indicate that, at a dietary cation-anion balance of +32 meq/100 g of diet DM, the balance of Na and K to Cl in the diet is a more important determinant of dietary impact on systemic acid-base status than actual dietary concentrations of Na, K, and Cl.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

Maintenance of potassium balance during long-term diuretic therapy in chronic heart failure patients with thiazide-induced hypokalemia: comparison of potassium supplementation with potassium chloride and potassium-sparing agents, amiloride and triamterene.

The relative efficacy of potassium chloride, amiloride and triamterene in maintaining potassium and magnesium balance was evaluated in 23 hypokalemic (S-K less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) patients with chronic heart failure receiving diuretic therapy. Amiloride and triamterene were administered in a randomized, crossover manner, followed by potassium chloride in an open manner. During a 5-month treatment with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg twice/day, potassium chloride 1 g twice/day was not as effective as amiloride 5 mg or triamterene 75 mg twice/day in maintaining serum potassium and magnesium and total-body potassium, while amiloride and triamterene seemed to be equally effective. During all three supplementations, a decrease in serum potassium to a hypokalemic level was observed in some patients. The need for higher doses of potassium chloride, amiloride and triamterene was clearly concentrated to the same patients, and correction was easily reached by increasing the respective doses.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Replacement of potassium chloride by potassium glutamate dramatically enhances protein-DNA interactions in vitro.

Although protein-nucleic acid interactions exhibit dramatic dependences on both ion concentration and type in vitro, large variations in intracellular ion concentrations can occur in Escherichia coli and other organisms without apparent effects on gene expression in vivo. E. coli accumulates K+ and glutamate as cytoplasmic osmolytes. The cytoplasmic K+ concentration in E. coli varies from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.9 m as a function of external osmolarity; corresponding cytoplasmic glutamate concentrations range from less than 0.03 to greater than 0.25 m. Only low levels of chloride occur in the cytoplasm of E. coli at all osmotic conditions. Since most in vitro studies have been performed in chloride salts, whereas glutamate is the more relevant physiological anion, we have measured the effects of the substitution of potassium glutamate (KGlu) for KCl on the kinetics and equilibria of a variety of site-specific protein-DNA interactions in vitro. Both the interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase with two phage lambda promoters and the interactions of various restriction enzymes with their DNA cleavage sites are enhanced by this substitution. Using the abortive initiation assay, we find a greater than 30-fold increase in the second-order rate constant for open complex formation at the lambda PR promoter and a 10-fold increase at the lambda PR' promoter, when KGlu is substituted for KCl. Replacement of KCl by KGlu does not affect the strong salt dependences of these interactions; increasing either KCl or KGlu concentrations decreases both reaction rates and extents. Substitution of glutamate for chloride does, however, shift the range of salt concentrations over which these interactions are observable to higher K+ concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

DNA Restriction Enzymes↗
PubMed1990

Effects of central bolus injections of potassium chloride on arterial potassium concentration in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

The effects of central venous bolus injections of potassium chloride (KCl) on arterial potassium concentration were studied in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Ten subjects were studied, and each received a rapid bolus injection of KCl, 33 microEq/kg, both before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Injections were delivered through the proximal infusion port of a 7.5F pulmonary artery catheter, which was situated in either the superior vena cava or the right atrium. Monitored variables included the electrocardiogram, mean arterial, central venous, and pulmonary artery pressures, end-tidal carbon dioxide and inspired oxygen concentrations, and temperature. Blood was sampled continuously at either the radial artery alone or both the radial artery and aortic root at 2 mL/4.3 s. The difference in magnitude between the maximal potassium concentration achieved and the prebolus baseline potassium concentration (delta K) was correlated with cardiac output, stroke volume, and prebolus baseline potassium concentration (baseline [K+]), using simple linear regression analysis. Although significant hyperkalemia (eg, 7 to 9 mEq/L) developed in both the aortic root and radial artery, this was of no electrocardiographic or hemodynamic consequence, presumably because of the transient nature of the hyperkalemic response, following bolus injection of KCl. There was no significant correlation between delta K and cardiac output or stroke volume; however, delta K did correlate significantly with the Baseline [K+] in a direct linear relationship. It is concluded that central bolus injections of KCl through the proximal infusion port of the pulmonary artery catheter at 33 microEq/kg are safe. This technique should be used cautiously in patients with extremely low cardiac outputs or where intracardiac shunting of blood may exist, as these situations could potentially result in greater hyperkalemic responses than those observed in the current study.

Adult↗