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PubMed1991

Metabolism of 1-13C-propionate in vivo in patients with disorders of propionate metabolism.

Metabolism of propionate in human subjects was studied using bolus administration of 1-13C-propionate i.v. or orally. The study population consisted of five patients with propionic acidemia (PA), eight with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA; four responsive to vitamin B12), one each with multiple carboxylase deficiency and transcobalamin-II deficiency, and five healthy volunteers. Concentrations of 1-13C-propionate were measured in blood in three patients with PA, two with MMA, and two controls. Breath samples were obtained at intervals during 3 h after the dose, isotopic enrichment of 13CO2 was measured, and the cumulative percentage of recovery of 13C was calculated from the individual's predicted resting energy expenditure. Recovery of 13CO2 and half-time of 1-13C-propionate in PA were significantly less than normal. The same parameters in MMA were below normal, but significantly greater than in PA. Recovery of 13CO2 was well correlated with clinical severity in PA, but did not correlate in MMA. Differences between MMA and PA may indicate different distribution of propionate pools, differences in inducibility of residual enzyme activities, or an alternate pathway for decarboxylation of propionate available in MMA but not PA. Only one patient with PA demonstrated increased 13CO2 production during biotin treatment. In a B12-responsive MMA patient, no differences were noted within 2 d of initiating treatment with B12, but there was an increase in 13CO2 production after 4 mo. Recovery of 13CO2 was normal in the patient with transcobalamin-II deficiency before and after treatment with vitamin B12.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Urinary excretion of acetate and propionate by the Holstein cow as affected by physiological state and propionate infusion.

Daily urinary excretion of acetate and propionate was determined for 13 Holstein cows fed for ad libitum consumption a 40% soy-corn concentrate: 60% corn silage diet prepartum and 60% concentrate: 40% silage diet postpartum. Daily excretion of acetate did not differ between periods corresponding to -3, 7, and 11 wk postpartum. Cows excreted more propionic acid at 7 and 11 wk postpartum than at 3 wk prepartum. However, propionic acid excretion did not differ between the two postpartum periods. Propionic acid excretion was not associated with intake of feed during lactation. Rapid intrajugular infusion of propionate (2.5 mmol/kg) increased propionate excretion at -3 and 7 wk postpartum and acetate excretion at 7 wk postpartum. Under physiological conditions urinary excretion of acetate and propionate does not represent a meaningful energy loss.

Acetates↗

PubMed1991

Propionic Acid Production by a Propionic Acid-Tolerant Strain of Propionibacterium acidipropionici in Batch and Semicontinuous Fermentation.

A propionic acid-tolerant derivative of Propionibacterium acidipropionici P9 was obtained by serially transferring strain P9 through broth that contained increasing amounts of propionic acid. After 1 year of repeated transfers, a strain (designed P200910) capable of growth at higher propionic acid concentrations than P9 was obtained. An increase in the proportion of cellular straight-chain fatty acids and uncoupling of propionic acid production from growth were observed for strain P200910. Growth rate, sugar utilization, and acid production were monitored during batch and semicontinuous fermentations of semidefined medium and during batch fermentation of whey permeate for both strain P200910 and strain P9. The highest propionic acid concentration (47 g/liter) was produced by P200910 in a semicontinuous fermentation. Strain P200910 produced a higher ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid, utilized sugar more efficiently, and produced more propionic acid per gram of biomass than did its parent in all fermentations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Contribution of odd-chain fatty acid oxidation to propionate production in disorders of propionate metabolism.

Whole-body propionate and protein kinetics and energy substrate metabolism were studied in five metronidazole-treated patients with propionic or methylmalonic acidemias by the use of a primed, 4-h constant infusion of [1-13C]propionate and L-[O-2H5]phenylalanine combined with indirect calorimetry. Measurements were performed during fasting and carbohydrate feeding, successively, to assess the contribution of odd-chain fatty acid oxidation to total propionate production. Fat oxidation decreased from 490 +/- 179 to 57 +/- 49 mumol.kg-1.h-1 (P < 0.05) as a result of feeding. Propionate appearance rate was 38.6 +/- 8 mumol.kg-1.h-1 during fasting and decreased to 22.6 +/- 5 mumol.kg-1.h-1 (P < 0.05) on the carbohydrate diet. Precursor amino acid catabolism did not change significantly (22 +/- 5 vs 21.2 +/- 5 mumol.kg-1.h-1), suggesting that the 41% reduction in propionate production observed in response to feeding was related to the suppression of fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, significant therapeutic gains may be expected from the use of diets aimed at reducing lipid oxidation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Adipose tissue metabolism and production responses to calcium propionate and chromium propionate.

The objective was to determine action of calcium propionate and chromium propionate on lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production and composition, and serum glucose and free fatty acids in Holstein dairy cattle treated from 21 d prepartum to 35 d postpartum. Twelve multiparous animals were assigned to each treatment: control (C), calcium propionate (CaP, 0.125 kg/d), chromium propionate (CrP, 10 mg of trivalent Cr/d), and both. All animals were switched to control at 36 days in milk (DIM) and the trial continued to 90 DIM. Biopsies of adipose tissue were taken at -7, 14, 28, and 56 d from calving. Control intake prepartum was 10.6 +/- 2 kg/d. Calcium propionate increased DM intake 11% prepartum and 13% postpartum; CrP increased DM intake 7 and 16%; and the combination treatment had no effect. Milk yield was 44.2 kg/d for controls and 46.8 kg/d for d 1 to 90 for CrP-treated cows. Adipose tissue lipogenesis in cows treated with either CaP or CrP was 1.25 to 78 times as fast as controls from 14 to 56 d and had returned to prepartum rates by 56 d. From 14 to 28 d, basal lipolysis in CaP- or CrP-treated cows ranged from 27 to 102% of control, whereas stimulated lipolysis was 61 to 113% of control. Milk fat yield was 92 to 95% of control on calcium and chromium propionate; the difference was similar to the net reduction in adipose lipolysis. Milk lactose, protein, and solids-not-fat did not differ among treatments. Providing a small amount of gluconeogenic precursors may reduce net lipolysis, allowing increased feed intake and milk production. The effect is thought to be through chromium acting to increase glucose flux into adipocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

The effect of Mycocurb, propionic acid, and calcium propionate on the intestinal strength of broiler chickens.

Field observations suggest that propionic acid-based mold inhibitors reduce the severity of proventriculitis and consequent fragile intestines. Therefore, two studies were conducted to determine the effects of a propionic acid-based mold inhibitor (Mycocurb), calcium propionate, and propionic acid on intestinal strength. Cobb x Cobb male broiler chicks were placed in an experimental design that consisted of six dietary treatments with four replicate floor pens of 40 (Experiment 1) and 30 (Experiment 2) broilers per pen. The dietary treatments in Experiment 1 consisted of control, 2.27, 4.54, and 9.07 kg/ton Mycocurb and 4.54 and 9.07 kg/ton calcium propionate. The dietary treatments in Experiment 2 consisted of control, 2.27, 4.54, and 9.07 kg/ton Mycocurb, and 4.54 and 9.07 kg/ton propionic acid. Water and the dietary treatments were made available to the broilers for ad libitum consumption from 1 d to 6 wk of age. In Experiment 1, five broilers from each pen were killed each week, a 10-cm section of intestine was removed anterior to the cecal junction, and its strength was measured. The contents of this section of intestine were collected and pH determinations were made on this material. In Experiment 2, five broilers were killed from each pen starting when the broilers were 3 wk of age, and every week thereafter a 10-cm section of intestine was removed posterior to the duodenal loop and its strength measured. The contents of this section of intestine were collected and pH determinations were performed on this material.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1991

A double-blind, multicenter comparison of 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment and 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment in patients with chronic, localized plaque psoriasis.

In a double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter trial in 134 patients with severe, localized, plaque psoriasis, the success rate (described as "healed" or "marked improvement") at the end of the study was 96% in the halobetasol propionate group and 91% in the clobetasol propionate group. A significantly larger proportion of patients treated with halobetasol had no disease or mild disease after 14 days compared with those treated with clobetasol (86% versus 70%, p = 0.023). Healing within 24 days of starting treatment was noted in 69% and 56% of patients treated with halobetasol and clobetasol, respectively. Adverse effects were reported in a smaller percentage of patients treated with halobetasol propionate ointment than in those treated with clobetasol propionate ointment (7% versus 12%). Cosmetic acceptability and ease of application were recorded as "very good" in a larger percentage of patients treated with halobetasol propionate ointment than in the group treated with clobetasol propionate (90% versus 80%).

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Redox dependent changes at the heme propionates in cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans: direct evidence from FTIR difference spectroscopy in combination with heme propionate 13C labeling.

Specific isotope labeling at the carboxyl groups of the four heme propionates of cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans was used in order to assign signals observed in electrochemically induced redox Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectra of this enzyme. For this purpose, the hemA gene of the P. denitrificans strain PD1222, coding for 5-aminolevulinate synthase, was deleted by partial replacement with a kanamycin resistance cartridge, resulting in a stable 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) auxotrophy. Normal growth of this deficient strain and cytochrome c oxidase yield comparable to that of P. dentrificans wild-type strain PD1222 could be obtained by supplementation with 0.1 mM ALA in the growth medium. Visible spectra and reduced-minus-oxidized FTIR spectra showed that the purified cytochrome c oxidase had spectral characteristics identical to those of the wild-type enzyme. The decrease of a negative signal at 1676 cm-1 in the reduced-minus-oxidized FTIR difference spectra of the 13C-labeled cytochrome c oxidase in comparison to those of the unlabeled protein allowed the assignment of this signal to a COOH vibration mode of at least one of the four heme propionates. Moreover, a negative band at approximately 1570 cm-1 shifted to smaller wavenumbers in the spectra of the 13C-labeled enzyme in comparison to the spectra of the unlabeled enzyme and was thus assigned to contributions from an antisymmetric COO- mode of one or more of the four heme propionates. Additionally, a positive signal at 1538 cm-1 shifted to approximately 1500 cm-1 in the spectra of the isotopically labeled protein and was therefore assigned to at least one antisymmetric COO- mode of the heme propionates. A negative signal at 1390 cm-1, which has been shifted to 1360 cm-1 in the spectra of the 13C-labeled enzyme, is due to a symmetric COO- mode from at least one heme propionate. These results suggest that at least two of the four heme propionates in cytochrome c oxidase undergo significant vibrational changes upon reduction of the enzyme, either by protonation/deprotonation or by environmental changes.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clobetasol propionate 0.05% lotion in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized evaluation versus clobetasol propionate emollient cream.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory and pruritic skin disorder marked by alternating periods of relapse and remission. This multicenter, randomized, active- and vehicle-controlled, investigator-blinded study compared the efficacy and safety of clobetasol propionate lotion to clobetasol propionate cream formulation and lotion vehicle in the treatment of moderate to severe AD. A total of 229 subjects applied treatment twice-daily for 2 weeks. Clobetasol propionate lotion was significantly more effective than its lotion vehicle at 2 weeks and comparable to the cream formulation. Clinical success after a 2-week, treatment-free follow-up period was greater in the clobetasol propionate lotion group than in the cream group. Clobetasol propionate lotion is effective, safe, well tolerated and offers a better remission profile in the treatment of moderate to severe AD as compared to clobetasol propionate emollient cream.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1994

Propionic acid production by immobilized cells of a propionate-tolerant strain of Propionibacterium acidipropionici.

Cells of the propionate-tolerant strain Propionibacterium acidipropionici P200910, immobilized in calcium alginate beads, were tested for propionic and acetic acid production both in a semidefined laboratory medium and in corn steep liquor in batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. Cell density was about 9.8 x 10(9) cells/g (wet weight) of beads, and beads were added to the medium at 0.1 g (wet weight) beads/ml. Beads could be reused for several consecutive batch fermentations; propionic acid production in the tenth cycle was about 50%-70% of that in the first cycle. In batch culture complete substrate consumption (glucose in semidefined medium, lactate in corn steep liquor) and maximum acid production were seen within 36 h, and acid yields from the substrate were higher than in free-cell fermentations. Fed-batch fermentations were incubated up to 250 h. Maximum propionic acid concentrations obtained were 45.6 g/l in corn steep liquor and 57 g/l in semidefined medium; this is the highest concentration achieved to date in our laboratory. Maximum acetic acid concentrations were 17 g/l and 12 g/l, respectively. In continuous fermentation of semide-fined medium, dilution rates up to 0.31 h-1 could be used, which gave higher volumetric productivities (0.96 g l-1 h-1 for propionic acid and 0.26 g l-1 h-1 for acetic acid) than we have obtained with free cells. Corn steep liquor shows promise as an inexpensive medium for production of both acids by immobilized cells of propionibacteria.

Acetates↗

PubMed1967

Metabolism of propionate by sheep liver. Pathway of propionate metabolism in aged homogenate and mitochondria.

Experiments were conducted with aged nuclear-free homogenate of sheep liver and aged mitochondria in an attempt to measure both the extent of oxidation of propionate and the distribution of label from [2-(14)C]propionate in the products. With nuclear-free homogenate, propionate was 44% oxidized with the accumulation of succinate, fumarate, malate and some citrate. Recovery of (14)C in these intermediates and respiratory carbon dioxide was only 33%, but additional label was detected in endogenous glutamate and aspartate. With washed mitochondria 30% oxidation of metabolized propionate occurred, and proportionately more citrate and malate accumulated. Recovery of (14)C in dicarboxylic acids, citrate, alpha-oxoglutarate, glutamate, aspartate and respiratory carbon dioxide was 91%. The specific activities of the products and the distribution of label in the carbon atoms of the dicarboxylic acids were consistent with the operation solely of the methylmalonate pathway together with limited oxidation of the succinate formed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle via pyruvate. In a final experiment with mitochondria the label consumed from [2-(14)C]propionate was entirely recovered in the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glutamate, aspartate, methylmalonate and respiratory carbon dioxide.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Hepatic morphology and effects of intravenous injection of sodium propionate on plasma propionate and glucose in fed and fasted dairy cattle.

Sodium propionate (3 mmol/kg) was injected IV into 8 nonlactating dairy cows before and after 6 days (144 hours) of fasting. During fasting, long-chain fatty acids in plasma increased from 0.30 +/- 0.05 (SE) mM to 1.09 +/- 0.15 mM (P less than 0.05). Liver fat increased from 0.5 +/- 0.3% to 9.3 +/- 1.7% (P less than 0.05). Half-life of injected sodium propionate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 7.6 +/- 0.5 minutes to 10.1 +/- 1.0 minutes during fasting. Sulfobromophthalein half-life did not change significantly (3.8 +/- 0.79 minutes to 5.3 +/- 1.3 minutes). Increases in plasma glucose concentrations after propionate loading were significantly less during fasting than during feeding. Thus, the change in glucose concentration served as an indicator of hepatic conversion of propionate to glucose. Increases in glucose concentration of less than 2 mM at 30 minutes after propionate loading indicated that liver function was altered in nonlactating dairy cows.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with once-daily intranasal fluticasone propionate therapy in children. Fluticasone Propionate Collaborative Pediatric Working Group.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of intranasally administered fluticasone propionate, 200 micrograms or 100 micrograms (half the adult dosage) when administered once daily for 4 weeks to children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study in 10 pediatric outpatient centers. SUBJECTS: Children (n = 249), 4 to 11 years of age, with moderate to severe symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, positive skin test reaction to a local autumn allergen, and a history of seasonal allergic rhinitis. MEASUREMENTS: Clinician- and patient-rated nasal symptom scores (obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching), clinician-rated assessment of overall response to treatment, patient-rated nasal obstruction on awakening, and use of rescue medication. Clinicians questioned patients (or parents) regarding symptoms and adverse events. Morning plasma cortisol concentrations and 24-hour urinary excretion of cortisol and 17-ketogenic steroids were evaluated. RESULTS: Intranasal fluticasone propionate, 200 micrograms or 100 micrograms once daily, was significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children. Clinician- and patient-rated symptom scores indicated greater improvement in nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction on awakening, among patients receiving intranasal fluticasone propionate. Overall response to treatment was also significantly greater in the active treatment groups. The two fluticasone propionate groups were not statistically different. Mean morning plasma cortisol concentrations and 24-hour urinary excretion of free cortisol and 17-ketogenic steroids were similar across all groups both before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal fluticasone propionate, 100 micrograms (half the adult dose) or 200 micrograms given once daily for 4 weeks is effective and well tolerated in children 4 to 11 years of age with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed1998

Growth in asthmatic children treated with fluticasone propionate. Fluticasone Propionate Asthma Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether inhaled fluticasone propionate has long-term effects on growth in children with persistent asthma. STUDY DESIGN: In a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study, 325 prepubescent children with persistent asthma and normal growth rates were treated with placebo or inhaled fluticasone propionate powder 50 microg or 100 microg administered twice daily by a breath-actuated device for 1 year. Growth was evaluated monthly, whereas other safety variables and pulmonary function were evaluated periodically. RESULTS: The prepubescent patients showed no statistically significant differences in mean height, mean growth velocity, or mean skeletal age between any of the treatment groups at any time. Over a period of 1 year, mean height (+/- SE) increased 6.15 +/- 0.17 cm in the placebo group, 5.94 +/- 0.16 cm in the fluticasone propionate 50 microg group, and 5.73 +/- 0.13 cm in the fluticasone propionate 100 microg group (p = 0.308, overall). CONCLUSIONS: Prepubescent children treated with fluticasone propionate 50 microg and 100 microg administered twice daily for 1 year grew at rates similar to placebo-treated control subjects and at rates equal to expected growth velocity for age.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1996

Fluticasone propionate aerosol: efficacy in patients with mild to moderate asthma. Fluticasone Propionate Asthma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: This double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate aerosol (25, 50, or 100 mg bid for 12 weeks) administered as primary maintenance therapy to patients whose mild to moderate asthma was inadequately controlled by as-needed use of an inhaled beta-agonist. RESULTS: At all clinic visits, fluticasone propionate compared with placebo was associated with significant (P<.05) improvement in pulmonary function indexed by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) as well as fewer night awakenings and less use of rescue albuterol. Values for patient-measured morning peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were significantly (P<.05) higher and the use of rescue albuterol was significantly (P<.05) lower beginning 3 to 5 days after initiation of therapy in the groups treated with fluticasone propionate, compared with the placebo group. Maximal improvement in FEV1 was achieved during the second week of treatment and maintained throughout the course of therapy. Differences among the three fluticasone propionate dosing groups for these efficacy measures were not statistically significant. The incidence of adverse events was similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that fluticasone propionate aerosol is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for asthma and significantly improves pulmonary function within days of initiation of treatment in patients whose asthma is inadequately controlled with as-needed beta-agonists.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1965

METABOLISM OF PROPIONATE BY SHEEP LIVER. INTERRELATIONS OF PROPIONATE AND GLUTAMATE IN AGED MITOCHONDRIA.

1. Low concentrations of l-glutamate were slowly and quantitatively converted into aspartate by aged sheep-liver mitochondria with the loss of C-1 of the glutamate. 2. When propionate was present in addition the rate of conversion of glutamate into aspartate was increased slightly, and the presence of glutamate caused a marked stimulation in the rate at which propionate was metabolized. 3. The stimulatory effect of ;sparker' amounts of l-glutamate on propionate metabolism was matched by the effects of alpha-oxoglutarate, pyruvate, citrate and isocitrate, but not by succinate, fumarate, malate or oxaloacetate. Succinate was stimulatory at higher concentrations, whereas oxaloacetate was inhibitory. 4. When propionate was incubated with l-[1-(14)C]glutamate in the presence of a large excess of unlabelled carbon dioxide, some labelling of dicarboxylic acids and aspartate occurred, but this was much less than would have been expected from an obligatory transcarboxylation from C-1 of alpha-oxoglutarate to propionyl-CoA. 5. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗

PubMed1998

Novel keto acid formate-lyase and propionate kinase enzymes are components of an anaerobic pathway in Escherichia coli that degrades L-threonine to propionate.

An immunological analysis of an Escherichia coli strain unable to synthesize the main pyruvate formate-lyase enzyme Pfl revealed the existence of a weak, cross-reacting 85 kDa polypeptide that exhibited the characteristic oxygen-dependent fragmentation typical of a glycyl radical enzyme. Polypeptide fragmentation of this cross-reacting species was shown to be dependent on Pfl activase. Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding this protein revealed that it coded for a new enzyme, termed TdcE, which has 82% identity with Pfl. On the basis of RNA analyses, the tdcE gene was shown to be part of a large operon that included the tdcABC genes, encoding an anaerobic threonine dehydratase, tdcD, coding for a propionate kinase, tdcF, the function of which is unknown, and the tdcG gene, which encodes a L-serine dehydratase. Expression of the tdcABCDEFG operon was strongly catabolite repressed. Enzyme studies showed that TdcE has both pyruvate formate-lyase and 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase activity, whereas the TdcD protein is a new propionate/acetate kinase. By monitoring culture supernatants from various mutants using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we followed the anaerobic conversion of L-threonine to propionate. These studies confirmed that 2-ketobutyrate, the product of threonine deamination, is converted in vivo by TdcE to propionyl-CoA. These studies also revealed that Pfl and an as yet unidentified thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme(s) can perform this reaction. Double null mutants deficient in phosphotransacetylase (Pta) and acetate kinase (AckA) or AckA and TdcD were unable to metabolize threonine to propionate, indicating that propionyl-CoA and propionyl-phosphate are intermediates in the pathway and that ATP is generated during the conversion of propionyl-P to propionate by AckA or TdcD.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed1972

3-hydroxypropionate: significance of -oxidation of propionate in patients with propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidemia.

[l-(14)C]Propionate administered intravenously was metabolized to methylmalonate, to 3-hydroxypropionate, and to methylcitrate in the urine of a patient with methylmalonic acidemia. L-[U-(14)C]Isoleucine and L-[U-(14)C]valine were also converted to urinary methylmalonate and to 3-hydroxypropionate in the patient. Two patients with propionic acidemia due to a defect in propionyl-CoA carboxylase metabolized [l-(14)C]propionate to uninary methylcitrate and 3-hydroxypropionate. The appearance of radioactive 3-hydroxypropionate in the urine after the administration of these compounds indicates that beta-oxidation of propionyl-CoA through acryloyl-CoA was functioning in these patients. The conversion of valine to 3-hydroxypropionate suggests that valine is oxidized by way of propionate and propionyl-CoA in man.

Acidosis↗