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PubMed2001

Revising psychoanalytic interpretations of the past. An examination of declarative and non-declarative memory processes.

The author reviews a contemporary cognitive psychology perspective on memory that views memory as being composed of multiple separate systems. Most researchers draw a fundamental distinction between declarative/explicit and non-declarative/implicit forms of memory. Declarative memory is responsible for the conscious recollection of facts and events--what is typically meant by the everyday and the common psychoanalytic use of the word 'memory'. Non-declarative forms of memory, in contrast, are specialised processes that influence experience and behaviour without representing the past in terms of any consciously accessible content. They operate outside of an individual's awareness, but are not repressed or otherwise dynamically unconscious. Using this theoretical framework, the question of how childhood relationship experiences are carried forward from the past to influence the present is examined. It is argued that incorporating a conceptualisation of non-declarative memory processing into psychoanalytic theory is essential. Non-declarative memory processes are capable of forming complex and sophisticated representations of the interpersonal world. These non-declarative memory processes exert a major impact on interpersonal experience and behaviour that needs to be analysed on its own terms and not mistakenly viewed as a form of resistance.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

[Validation of psychoanalytic interpretations (1965-1995)].

In the early sixties we started to investigate the interpretive process as interaction aiming at validation of parts of the clinical theory of psychoanalysis. Dissatisfied with the usual case reports in technical seminars we (Thomä and Houben 1967) developed a schema for the reporting analyst supplementing the criterias suggested by Issacs. The schema centered upon the thoughts and intentions of the analyst on the one hand and the reactions of the patient and the changes in his/her behavior emotional life, and symptoms on the other side. The new description of the interchange of the "history of interaction" (Meyer) was the clinical basis of our later process and outcome research. Our attempt to validate parts of the psychoanalytic theory led to a collaboration with A.-E. Meyer. His "retroreports" facilitate insights into the subjective background of inference processes behind the verbal communication (audiotaped and transcribed). Now it is possible to distinguish different types of suggestion and to clarify the so-called "contamination" of "psychoanalytic data". Some elements of the original contributions of A. E. Meyer are appreciatively described.

Documentation↗
PubMed1994

The foundations of Judaism: psychoanalytic interpretations.

The psychological foundations of Judaism are a major challenge to psychoanalytic theory. This (selective) literature review focuses on post-Freudian work on this question. Freud described Judaism as a father religion, within the Oedipal framework of all religions and cultures. Over the years other notions have become dominant, and we can observe the changes from the Oedipal to the pre-Oedipal and towards more attention to maternal projections. Jewish mythology is a major topic, and the attention given to it bears no relation to its role in living Judaism. Many psychoanalytic contributions which aim at interpreting Judaic mythology demonstrate mostly their authors' inability to separate mythological narratives and history, as they accept without criticism the biblical account of supposedly ancient events, and then continue with speculations about mythological personages and events. The literature we have reviewed is certainly psychoanalytic, but one question is its relationship to Freud's work on religion. What emerges is that in many cases there is no attempt to follow Freud in the sense of accepting his assertions, but there is continuity in terms of interpretive temperament. Freud's writings have served as stimulus and inspiration, not as dogma to be upheld.

Bible↗
PubMed1975

[Psychoanalytic interpretation of sleep-disturbances. Model of a structural-theoretical classification (author's transl)].

In psychoanalytic literature anxiety, guilt-feelings and unconscious hostility are assumed to be the most common causes of spleeplessness. The author attempts to ascribe these emotions to conflicts between the instances of the psychoanalytic personality model as a structure-theoretical classification of sleep-disturbances. Three large groups emerge: Neurotic disturbances of sleep with internalized conflicts (these correspond essentially to what are generally understood to be neurotic sleep-disturbances), neurotic disturbances of sleep with externalized conflicts (these are more common in childhood) and non-neurotic sleep disturbances. Within these groups the relative parts of effectiveness of the instances of the psychoanalytic personality-model - ego, super-ego, id and reality - are discussed.

Aggression↗