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PubMed1976

Social rehabilitation of separation-induced depressive disorders in monkeys.

The authors studied a group of four monkeys reared together, repeatedly separated from each other, and then exposed to another group of four monkeys reared in surrogate-peer groups who acted as therapists. The study group was compared with the therapist monkeys, a group exposed to the same separations but not to the therapist monkeys, a control group that experienced no separations, and two additional groups of stimulus animals. The authors' findings indicate that monkeys showing depressive begaviors after repeated separations can be returned to age-appropriate social performance through repeated exposure to socially active age-mates.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of vaccination with a Moraxella bovis bacterin on the subsequent development of signs of corneal disease and infection with M bovis in calves under natural environmental conditions.

A vaccination study was conducted for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in 440 purebred Hereford cattle (cows and their newborn calves) of the USDA Meat Animal Research Center cattle herd at Clay Center, Ne. The cattle were allotted to 4 groups: 60 calves were vaccinated with an autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin (group 1); 60 calves that were matched with group 1 calves were designated nonvaccinated matched controls (group 2); 99 calves were peer group nonvaccinated controls (group 3); and 219 cows, the dams of the calves, were nonvaccinated consorts (group 4). The infection rates in cattle groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 during the summer were 96.6, 98.3, 100, and 79.1%, respectively, and the disease rates were 90, 93, 85, and 20%. The infection and the disease rates were significantly (P less than 0.01) different between claves and cows. The disease rate was also significantly different between older and younger cows. A larger percentage of the affected calves and cows had mild or moderate (61%) signs of IBK rather than severe (39%) signs. The rate of body weight gain was reduced in calves with severe signs of IBK. The results seemed to indicate that little would be gained by vaccinating cattle against IBK under the conditions of study.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

"Angel dust:" an overview of abuse patterns and prevention strategies.

Adolescent abuse of phencyclidine, also known as "ANGEL DUST" or "PCP," has increased dramatically in the past several years. Phencyclidine can be highly toxic, and efforts should be made to prevent its abuse. The authors advance one model of behavorioral intervention which utilizes peer group counseling to promote learning of practical skills for resisting pressures to use "hard drugs," especially phencyclidine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. II. Etiological factors.

In a previous study, we (Marsden and Kalter, 1976) found that fourth- and sixth-grade children not only made distinctions between normal and emotionally disturbed behavior, but also were able to discriminate degrees of childhood psychopathology in a manner strikingly congruent with clinician-judges. Having assessed children's perceptions of emotional disturbance, we turned our attention to how the children might account for the development of such childhood disorders. We are aware of no previous study which has examined children's views of the etiology of emotionally disturbed behavior of their peers. Such information could shed further light on children's understanding of childhood psychopathology and might implicitly indicate what children believe are the necessary ingredients for healthy emotional development. This knowledge would be useful to mental health professionals, teachers, and parents seeking both to understand the emotionally disturbed child's place in his peer group and to convey an understanding of emotional illness to normal children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents.

The author reports on 37 children who are being raised by female homosexuals or by parents who have changed sex (transsexuals): 21 by female homosexuals, 7 by male-to-female transsexuals, and 9 by female-to-male transsexuals. The children range in age from 3 to 20 years (mean = 9.3) and have lived in the sexually atypical households for 1-16 years (mean = 4.9). Thirty-six of the children report or recall childhood toy, game, clothing, and peer group preferences that are typical for their sex. The 13 older children who report erotic fantasies or overt sexual behaviors are all heterosexually oriented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Egocentrism and classroom adjustment.

This study examined the relationship between persistent egocentrism and adjustment status in normal school children. Fifty-three fourth-graders (33 males, 20 females) were administered measures of egocentrism and peer sociometric status, and indices of classroom adjustment were obtained from teachers. Degree of egocentrism was shown to correlate with classroom adjustment for both boys and girls and with peer group status for boys. The pattern of correlations suggested that the negative consequences of persistent egocentrism were different for the two sexes, with high egocentrism associated with shy, anxious behavior for girls and acting-out and learning difficulties for boys.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1978

Some effects of bicultural and monocultural school environments on personality development.

Preadolescent girls in a bicultural school, compared with those in a monocultural school, showed more heterocultural peer-group organization, better self-image, and greater acceptance of an unknown cultural group. These differences were not found among younger (latency-age) children in the two schools. No significant differences were found in role-taking ability between girls in the two schools, suggesting that the bicultural school environment contributes to the difference in the other personality dimensions studied.

Child↗
PubMed1978

On "doing" and "being" gay: sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity.

The possible relationships between sexual behavior and homosexual male self-identity are examined within a symbolic interactionist frame-work. The presence or absence of definitions of homosexuality, the nature of these definitions, and the rules learned by the individual for their application to himself and others determined how he perceived his feelings, his behavior, and his sexual identity. The identity histories of the men illustrate how the peer groups in which they were socialized and the behavior of their friends prevented them from defining their behavior in terms of the "homosexual pattern." They began to reinterpret their behavior as "homosexual" when they perceived changes in the behavior and definitions of their behavior by their friends, or when they came into contact with self-defined homosexuals.

Homosexuality↗
PubMed1977

The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children: a methodological investigation.

Children in Headstart program (N=113) were assessed on two occasions using a naturalistic observation system and peer sociometric measures. Thirty-two children were selected by O'Connor's (1969, 1972) convergent criteria of teacher rankings and being below 15% peer interaction frequency. Half of the children saw an experimental modeling film designed to teach children how to initiate entry into peer groups and half of the children saw a control film. The present investigation included methodological elements left uncontrolled in previous investigations. Results indicated no significant multivariate F ratios for treatment main effects, sociometric main effects, or treatment by sociometric interactions. This failure to replicate previous results with the O'Connor film raises serious methodological criticisms of previous work with socially withdrawn children.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1977

Persuader sex differences and peer pressure effects on attitudes toward drug abuse.

This experiment was performed to assess the effects of the experimental confederates' sex and contrived group peer pressure on the drug attitudes of male college students. Subjects were exposed to all-male or all-female groups of experimental confederates (ersuaders) who expressed either extremely pro-drug or anti-drug sentiments in a guided group discussion. A drug attitude survey encompassing four drug categories was administered immediately following the discussion. Significant differences were found between subjects in the anti-drug and pro-drug groups. The sex effect data indicated that the male subjects reported more liberal drug attitudes following exposure to female persuaders in both the anti-and pro-drug treatment conditions for the more socially acceptable drugs such as marijuana, hashish, and stimulants. Implications of these findings for possible prevention and intervention strategies and for further research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Risk-taking related to drug use: an application of the shift-to-risk design.

The utility of the shift-to-risk design for studying the influence of peer groups on drug taking was investigated. Two studies using this design with drug content were conducted, varying the level of information provided about a drug. Subjects were from two college classes consisting of 26 and 28 students. Results indicated that the specification of possible harmful drug effects which are somewhat minimal lead to a significantly greater willingness to recommend trying the drug. In addition, a tendency for a shift-to-caution was found. It was concluded that the shift-to-risk designwas useful for studying decision-making regarding drug use, and that both users and nonusers of drugs should be included in future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A comparative evaluation of the Scrub and Bass Methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct (in fifth and sixth graders).

The Scrub and Bass Methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct were evaluated to determine which is most effective in eliminating or reducing plaque and gingivitis in 5th and 6th grade school children. Three hundred and eleven children were randomly selected and placed in five groups (Scrub, Scrub-Floss, Bass, Bass-Floss, Comparison). Four Method groups went through four weeks of daily supervised toothbrushing with four dental hygienists, while the Comparison group received no supervised instructions. There was a marked effect on oral hygiene and gingival conditions at the end of the experimental period in all four groups with no one method superior to another. Peer group intercommunication probably accounts for the improvement in the comparison group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A group behavior modification approach to adolescent obesity.

This article describes a group weight control project with severely obese adolescent girls in a medical setting. Behavior modification and nutritional principles were utilized with peer group interaction. Significant others were included through separate group meetings. This approach produced small amounts of net weight loss for the girls. The drop-outs continued to have a net gain. As a treatment method, this program was more effective for these girls than previous individual clinic contacts had been. When losing weight, the girls tended to use behavior modification techniques more often, and their diets became more adequate nutritionally. Development of group cohesion was tenuous and temporary. Girls who were functioning more independently appeared to do better in weight loss. Disinterested significant others were preferable to nonsupportive ones. A predictive factor was identified, the girls' perception of control. This was measured by the I-E test. Those with a more internalized perception of control were more likely to continue with the program and more likely to lose weight. Because the patient group was small, findings are tentative. However, this program helped to define particular areas that deserve further exploration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Peer review of group therapy: Washington, D.C., 1972-1977.

The author discusses the evolution of psychiatric peer review in Washington, D.C. In its first six years (1972-1977) the Washington Psychiatric Society Peer Review Committee evaluated 146 cases, 23 (16%) of which focused on group therapy. Eight of these cases (35%) were partially or fully denied. Most of the cases involved outpatients with neuroses or character disorders who were treated in combined group and individual therapy. The author presents specific cases illustrating group therapy issues and peer review decisions. He discusses the benefits and liabilities of peer review and emphasizes its importance as a flexible, clinically sensitive, confidential, and meaningful process.

District of Columbia↗
PubMed1979

Some psycho-social consequences of multiple sclerosis: problems of social interaction and group identity.

The study was concerned with the psycho-social consequences for married couples of multiple sclerosis being contracted by one of the partners. In particular, problems of social interaction and group identity were explored. In determining their mode of interaction with healthy people such couples can choose between normalizing, i.e. endeavouring to carry on their relationships with other people according to their pre-illness pattern, or of disassociating, i.e. turning away from former associates and seeking a new peer group among others with like affliction. In nearly every case husband and wife agreed on the choice of stratagem, a majority of the couples forming the sample opting for disassociation. Membership of the Multiple Sclerosis Society was much more usual among the disassociating couples than among those 'normalizing'. The variables of age, sex, social class and severity of illness were not found to affect the mode of interaction, whereas place of residence and medical interest in them, as perceived by patients and their spouses, were influencing factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Parental needs and professional responses: a parental perspective.

Parental needs are discussed as they have been revealed during a six-year period in a Boston parents' group, Prescription Parents, Inc. In addition, professional responses at various stressful periods during cleft palate rehabilitation are examined and certain responses suggested. Emphasis is given to the professional-parent partnership in developing the child's self-image and also to the relationship between professionals and the patient, particularly from age six through adolescence. The role of the peer group as it interacts with the home environment is also stressed. Specific suggestions are offered concerning the influence of a parents' group and the specific services such groups can provide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

An examination of the federal psychiatric training grant peer review process.

The authors present some of the criticisms that have been leveled against the federal peer review system of approving or disapproving monetary grants. They then summarize the process used by the National Institute of Mental Health's Psychiatry Education Branch to judge grant applications, focusing on the disposition of 527 applications reviewed in November 1974-January 1975. They found that the wide distribution of the reviewers by geography, subspecialty, experience, sex, and ethnicity, plus the steps taken to guard against bias and ensure fairness, were effective, refuting many of the criticisms of the group peer review process.

Child Psychiatry↗