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PubMed1985

High density lipoprotein cholesterol, habitual physical activity and physical fitness.

The relationships between habitual physical activity and fitness parameters and fasting serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) were assessed in 357 men aged 30-59 years (mean 44, SD 5). A progressive submaximal power output test (PWC150), a 1-min sit-up test, and a 3-day activity energy expenditure record were obtained for each subject. HDL-C, TG, and HDL-C/TC were significantly associated with the fitness indices (PWC150 and sit-ups), but not with the mean daily energy expenditure computed from a 3-day activity record. However, when the subjects were stratified according to the maximal level of intensity reported in the work and leisure energy expenditure record, a relationship between maximal exercise or work intensity and the concentration of HDL-C and TG, and the ratio HDL-C/TC was found. When adjusted by multiple regression procedures for age, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, socio-economic status, fatness level, and TC, or TG, or HDL-C, as appropriate, these relationships became nonsignificant, with the exception of TG and PWC150. These results suggest that habitual physical activity of light intensities is not a major determinant of HDL-C, TC, and HDL-C/TC; it could, however, have a small but significant role in TG. In addition, data suggest that periods of exercise of higher intensity, i.e. with an energy cost of about 6 mets and more, could be a sensible mean to influence serum blood lipid levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The assessment of physical activity by leisure-time physical activity questionnaires.

The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire is currently the most popular and practical method of quantifying physical activity levels. Many questionnaires, past and present, have considered overall or habitual physical activity, which includes occupational (or nonleisure) activity. Others have focused specifically on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) owing to the recognition of its dominating contribution to the total physical activity of developed populations. This review covers questionnaires that wholly or in part attend to LTPA levels. Typically, self-complete or interviewer-administered questionnaires record information on the types, frequency and duration of activities performed over a particular period of time. Activity-specific energy cost values, expressed in metabolic equivalents (METS) or kilocalories, are then commonly used to estimate the total energy expenditure from all activities and/or categories of activities. The validation of LTPA questionnaires has had to rely upon indirect methods, such as the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and activity diaries. The reporting of the reliability of questionnaires has frequently been ignored, although in cases where it has been reported, doubt exists as to whether the consistency of the questionnaire or the consistency of subjects' physical activity habits were being examined. LTPA questionnaires first appeared in the literature in the mid-1960s for use among specific, mainly middle-aged male population groups. Though they varied in their modes of scoring, periods of activity recall, and overall complexity, associations were universally observed between physical activity levels and chronic health conditions. However, it became apparent that different questionnaires did not yield the same results. In 1978, a questionnaire to assess only LTPA, the Minnesota LTPA Questionnaire, was published and despite its substantial limitations, has since established itself as the most popular option available. In recent years, shorter and simpler alternatives have been advocated, though most have yet to be adequately scrutinised. Associations have been found between LTPA and fitness levels, prompting the use of LTPA questionnaires in large-scale fitness surveys of both adults and children. Although LTPA has continued to be estimated in terms of energy expenditure, little attempt has been made to extend existing knowledge on the energy cost of physical activities. Existing values do not accommodate for individual intensities and inter-population activity variations. Consequently, standardised questionnaires are not yet viable. There exists considerable scope for further work with LTPA questionnaires, especially since the association between coronary heart disease and physical activity is now well recognised. Efforts ought to be directed at wider social groups for whom leisure-time activity may have distinct implications.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Postheparin plasma lipolytic activities in physically active and sedentary men after varying and repeated doses of intravenous heparin.

We sought to determine the optimal dose of heparin for evaluating the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPLA) and hepatic triglyceride hydrolase (HTGLA) in postheparin plasma. Nine physically active and ten sedentary men (age 30 +/- 5 yr, mean +/- SD) received 30, 50, 75, and 100 IU/kg of heparin in random order during a 2-week period. Based on all the samples, the average LPLA in the athletes was 43% higher (P less than 0.001) and HTGLA was 19% lower than in the untrained subjects (NS). The greatest LPLA was obtained after a heparin dose of 75 IU/kg, but LPLA after the three highest doses were not significantly different. There was also a dose effect on HTGLA (P less than 0.001) with greatest activities following doses of 75 and 100 IU/kg. Despite these dose effects, subjects maintained their rank order for both postheparin lipase activities regardless of the heparin dose. The only exception was for LPLA in the sedentary men probably because of lower LPLA and a smaller range of values. We also examined the effect of repeated daily injections of 75 IU/kg heparin on LPLA, HTGLA, and serum lipids. Repeated heparin administration on three consecutive days produced no significant effects on the apparent lipase activities. When all subjects were combined, HDL-cholesterol was increased over time (P less than 0.05) due to increases in both the HDL2 (P less than 0.05) and HDL3-cholesterol (NS) subfractions. Infusion of heparin or saline on three consecutive days into 18 additional men, however, had no effect on any lipid parameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research.

"Physical activity," "exercise," and "physical fitness" are terms that describe different concepts. However, they are often confused with one another, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. This paper proposes definitions to distinguish them. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness. Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. These definitions are offered as an interpretational framework for comparing studies that relate physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness to health.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1992

History of body weight and physical activity of elderly women differing in current physical activity.

Development of overweight and physical activity during life was studied retrospectively in a group of physically active and a group of sedentary elderly women. The two groups of elderly women were selected based on a validated physical activity questionnaire. A previous study on their current dietary intake and nutritional status showed a 12 kg higher body weight in the sedentary group compared to the physically active group, whereas body height did not differ. In order to study the relationship between development of overweight and physical activity in these elderly women, a retrospective study was carried out in 45 subjects. Information about former physical activity was collected by means of a detailed structured interview. Information about body shape and fatness, expressed as 'weight index', was obtained using silhouettes and subjective rating of obesity of subjects compared with peers. Classification of obesity was checked by old photographs rated by interviewers, sizes of clothing and recalled body weight and height. Information was collected about the situation at age 12, 25, 40 and 55 years whereas the mean current age is 71. Weight index was statistically significantly different between the active and sedentary group from age 25 onwards (P less than 0.05). Photographs proved to be useful for a valid and objective categorization. No differences were found in physical activity scores between the groups at age 12, 25, 40 and 55 years. It is concluded that the current difference in body shape and fatness between physically active and inactive elderly women was already present at age 25 and persisted throughout their adult life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between energy expenditure, expressed as the physical activity index, and body weight at low physical activity programmes.

The physical activity index, PAI, is defined as the energy expenditure, EE, divided by the resting metabolic rate, RMR. An expression for the body weight dependency of PAI, ie, dPAI/dBW = K, is derived. Numerical values for this coefficient were calculated on the basis of six published papers using whole-body calorimetry with observations over 24 h. It was found to be around -0.0022 per kg body weight difference in the PAI range between 1.25 and 1.70.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of two physical activity questionnaires, with a diary, for assessing physical activity in an elderly population.

Measurement of physical activity in epidemiological studies is usually achieved by means of a questionnaire. Little work has been done to determine which questionnaire format has greater validity in an elderly population. In this study of elderly subjects, physical activity as reported in two self-administered questionnaires (A and B), which differed in format and length, were compared to activity reported in a 4 day diary. As compared with the diary, moderate/heavy activity was more accurately reported in Questionnaire A (mean difference 5 min), the longer more detailed questionnaire, than B (mean difference 170 min). Light activity was under reported in Questionnaire A (mean difference 68 min) and over reported in B (mean difference 88 min) as compared with the diary. In contrast, time spent sitting was more accurately reported in Questionnaire B (mean difference 40 min) than in A (mean difference 230 min) as compared with the diary. The longer more detailed questionnaire was the more accurate instrument for assessing moderate/heavy activity in this elderly population. The shorter questionnaire was more accurate for assessing time spent sitting.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part II: validity of pedometer and actometer measuring the daily physical activity.

The validity of the pedometer and actometer for estimating the daily physical activity was evaluated by means of an observation study. The physical activity in a classroom of 11 pupils of a kindergarten was assessed by means of a pedometer, actometer and by observation. Besides this an activity questionnaire was completed by the infant-quide. On basis of the individual observation it is clear that the infant-guide can give valuable information about the activity of the children at school. The results of the pedometer attached to the waist and the actometers attached to the ankle were significantly correlated with the results of the observation method. The wrist actometer showed a smaller but still significant correlation with the other variables. Implications of this findings are discussed in regard toward the physical activity. The pedometer results point out that when the percentage of intense activity is high the pedometer tends to underestimate the level of activity. The actometer results indicate that such a motion recorder gives a reliable estimation of activity in children. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical applications of the actometer in the research of daily physical activity and the physical rehabilitation treatment of certain diseases.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Validation of a three-month physical activity recall questionnaire with a seven-day food intake and physical activity diary.

We assessed the validity of a three-month physical activity questionnaire. The validation instrument was a seven-day self-report diary of physical activity and food intake, given to 113 randomly selected persons. We obtained Spearman correlations of 0.60, 0.48, and 0.91 and kappa scores of 0.36, 0.23, and 0.62 from the physical activity recall and diary for moderate, vigorous, and total activity. We conclude that the three-month recall questionnaire reasonably reflects activity in this community-based sample.

Diet↗
PubMed1990

Physical activity and colon cancer: a comparison of various indicators of physical activity to evaluate the association.

We compare categories of physical activity, based upon self-reported leisure time and occupational activity, with categories of activity based upon coded job titles using the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. For people under 65 years of age, self-reported total activity, total nonintense activity, and occupational activity were not strongly associated with coded occupational activity in men (Spearman r = 0.36, 0.27, and 0.32, respectively); even weaker associations were noted in women (r = 0.23, 0.27, and 0.10). Associations between total activity and coded occupational activity were generally weaker for people who were 65 or older. Despite these weak associations, all indicators of physical activity assessed were associated with a decreased risk for colon cancer in men. Comparing those in the highest category of activity with those in the lowest, the OR for total self-reported activity was 0.7; for self-reported occupational activity, 0.7; and for coded occupational activity, 0.6. Whereas self-reported total activity was associated with colon cancer among women, estimates of activity based upon occupation (both self-reported and coded from job titles) were not.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Physical activity from rehabilitation to independent community function: the role of physical activity in handicapping conditions.

All ingredients are there--philosophies and principles, models and examples, competent and committed professionals, ready and willing agencies and organizations, and anxious-to-get-involved persons with handicapping conditions. The time has never been so right to go forward and onward to the heights with sport, recreation, and physical activity to produce lives worth living by persons with handicapping conditions. George Washington warned: "We ought not to look back unless it is to derive useful lessons from past errors, and for the purpose of profiting by dearly bought experience." In this case some might advise not to look back at all, because pessimists and disbelievers may be trying to overtake optimists and believers. As Henry David Thoreau stated: "If you build castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them." Physical activity, recreation, and sport are important in physical, mental, emotional, and social adjustment of individuals with handicapping conditions. In many cases, active participation in such activities provides more effective and efficient rehabilitation and therapy than formal rehabilitation and therapeutic modalities and approaches. Throughout history some pioneers striving to introduce and use such techniques and approaches have been rebuffed and rejected by many facets of the medical establishment. Often, progress has come from highly committed advocates from various professional specializations with interests in activity programs for their populations. Although progress continues to be made, much greater recognition by and involvement of the medical profession are needed from the classrooms in medical schools, through all internships and residencies, to hospitals and clinics of all types, and among all medical branches and specialties.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2026

Teacher- Versus Video-Delivered Classroom Activity Breaks and Student Physical Activity: The PAAC-3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Classroom activity breaks may increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); however, few studies have compared teacher and video-delivered approaches under real-world conditions. METHODS: In this cluster randomized trial, 11 elementary schools were assigned to teacher-delivered (PAAC-T; 5 schools, 192 students) or video-delivered (PAAC-V; 6 schools, 276 students) classroom activity breaks across one academic year. Teachers were trained to deliver two 10-min breaks daily. Intervention delivery was tracked via a web-based platform, and classroom MVPA was assessed using accelerometers at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Implementation fidelity was low and highly variable, but comparable between PAAC-T (42.3&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;57.1 activity breaks/teacher/year) and PAAC-V (39.2&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;33.9; p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.96), with teachers delivering &#x223c;50% of the intended daily activity. Classroom MVPA increased significantly in both groups (PAAC-T: 9.8&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;15.9; PAAC-V: 9.1&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;15.3&#x2009;min/day; p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), with no intervention arm-by-time interaction (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.43). IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Classroom physical activity breaks may increase student MVPA, but effectiveness in elementary schools appears to depend on implementation fidelity, administrative support, and equitable system-level infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS: Modest increases in classroom MVPA were observed across both delivery formats, although low and variable implementation fidelity limited conclusions regarding effectiveness and highlighted the need for stronger implementation supports. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03493139.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to coronary heart disease, Part I: A meta-analysis of the independent relation of physical activity and coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: This paper is the first of two reports that together review the scientific evidence regarding the inverse relation between physical activity and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: In Part I, the evidence suggesting a causal link between physical activity and CHD protection independent of other CHD risk factors is reviewed, accounting for bias, confounding, and different study designs. RESULTS: A strong, consistent inverse relation is found. Using meta-analytic techniques, the relative risk of the independent relation of physical inactivity to CHD is 1.37, with a 95 percent confidence interval (1.27-1.48). CONCLUSIONS: A graded biologic response of CHD protection to physical activity is shown, but the intensity, duration, and frequency of activity necessary for CHD benefit remain unclear. Plausible biologic mechanisms for the inverse relation of physical activity to CHD are the risk factor modifications that accrue with physical activity.

Causality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to coronary heart disease, Part II: Cardiovascular fitness and the safety and efficacy of physical activity prescription.

BACKGROUND: This paper is the second of two reports that together review the scientific evidence regarding the inverse relation between physical activity and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Using a MEDLINE search with the key words exercise, physical fitness, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease, more than 75 articles were reviewed, evaluating study design, measurement error, bias and confounding, the strength of associations, consistency of results, temporal and dose-response relation, and biologic plausibility. RESULTS: The relative risk in epidemiologic studies comparing the least to the most fit categories ranges from 1.2 to 4.8, which is greater than that for physical inactivity. The differences between cardiovascular fitness (an attribute) and physical activity (a behavior) are highlighted. The range of correlation (r = 0.02 to 0.44) between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity is discussed relative to measurement error and genetic and environmental factors. Studies reporting the safety of regular physical activity suggest an injury rate as high as 35 injuries per 100 persons per year. Efficacy studies limited to secondary prevention trials report a 66 percent compliance rate and 15 percent reduction in total mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific evidence implying a causal relation between cardiovascular fitness and CHD is strongly positive, but the clinical and public health implications are unclear. Further research and clinical guidelines are suggested.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Young patients with cystic fibrosis: attitude toward physical activity and influence on physical fitness and spirometric values of a 2-week training course.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the attitude toward physical activity in young patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and the influence of 2 weeks of training on physical fitness and spirometric values. Two groups of CF patients with mean ages of 11 and 15 years, respectively (total of 13 patients, range 9-21 years), participated in the study. Two healthy control groups with mean ages of 11 and 14 years, respectively, performed the same tests as the CF patients. The CF patients answered questionnaires regarding their attitude toward the activities both during the camp and at home and accomplished spirometric and exercise tests. The CF childrens' parents were interviewed concerning their children's attitude toward physical activity. The attitude toward physical activity of the CF children was very positive both during the camps and at home. The CF patients had at least as good a motivation for exercise as the healthy controls. The physical fitness of the CF patients was reduced, but improved during the training period. The spirometric tests were unchanged during the first course, but increased significantly during the other camp, even if lung physiotherapy was stopped during the training period. The study indicates that CF patients can be motivated for physical exercise, even for training for endurance and at a high enough level to replace lung physiotherapy, at least for shorter periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Childhood physical fitness tests: predictor of adult physical activity levels?

Regular physical activity has both short- and long-term health benefits in adults. No study has investigated childhood determinants of adult physical activity patterns, however. In a nonconcurrent prospective study, the physical activity levels of 453 young men, 23 to 25 years of age, were compared with their physical fitness test scores as children (10 to 11 years of age and 15 to 18 years of age). The physically active adults had significantly better childhood physical fitness test scores than did the inactive adults. In 224 children, 2 years of fitness test results were available. The risk of physical inactivity in young adulthood was linearly related to the number of low scores on the 548.6-m (600-yd) run and sit-ups tests as children (P less than .001). In stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis, the childhood 548.6-m run score was the best discriminator between currently physically active and inactive adults. Reported parental encouragement of exercise, level of education, participation in organized sports after high school, and reported spousal encouragement of exercise also contributed significantly to the discriminant function. These results demonstrate that physical fitness testing in boys facilitates the identification of those at increased risk of becoming physically inactive young adults.

Adolescent↗