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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The exercise-induced oxidative stress paradox: the effects of physical exercise training.

BACKGROUND: Although physical exercise training is highly recommended, physical exercise causes oxidative stress, which is potentially injurious. This study evaluates this 'exercise paradox' by evaluating the effect of physical exercise on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. METHODS: Measurement of lipid peroxidation (ie, expired ethane and pentane and plasma malondealdehyde) taken during cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing were compared between a group of 10 cardiac patients who underwent physical exercise training in a cardiac rehabilitation setting and a group of 10 nonexercising cardiac patients. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that physical exercise training increased physical work capacity without a concomitant increase in expired markers of lipid peroxidation (ethane and pentane) and decreased malondealdehyde levels. CONCLUSIONS: Because physical exercise-trained people can perform more intense physical work with less oxidative stress, we conclude that physical exercise training can reduce potential chronic health effects associated with daily activities by contributing to an overall reduction in exercise-induced free radical production.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of physical exercise on breast cancer.

Physical exercise has been found to decrease the risk of breast cancer by undefined means. In our prior communication, we proposed lipid peroxidation to be a relevant mechanism for breast cancer protection associated with many established protective factors such as parity, oophorectomy, menopause, physical exercise, etc. [Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao J, Pike MC, Sevanian A, Haile RW. Role of lipid peroxidation in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 2005;14:2829-39]. In the present communication, we examine in detail the physical exercise-breast cancer relationship in light of the lipid peroxidation mechanism. We provide additional supporting evidence for the hypothesis that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may be a mechanism responsible, at least in part, for the protective effect of exercise in breast cancer. Specifically, we describe (1) the sources of free radicals occurring during exercise, (2) existing experimental data on physical exercise, lipid peroxidation and cancer, (3) existing supporting data implicating exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the mechanism responsible for increased apoptosis in different cell systems, and (4) changes in the antioxidant enzymes glutathione S transferases (GSTs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) that occur after physical exercise, which are believed to be a physiologic response to oxidative stress induced by physical exercise.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

ACE inhibition and physical exercise: studies on physical work capacity, energy metabolism, and maximum oxygen uptake in well-trained, healthy subjects.

We investigated the effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril (2 mg/o.d.) on the physical work capacity (PWC), the received perception of exertion (RPE), as well as parameters determining physical performance (i.e., energy metabolism, lactate production, and oxygen uptake) in well-trained, healthy subjects. Twenty male sports students underwent a bicycle spiroergometry until exhaustion to determine maximum work load, maximum oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, and parameters of energy metabolism. The identical protocol was repeated after a 14-day treatment period with 2 mg of trandolapril o.d. or placebo. Treatment with the ACE inhibitor did not significantly alter maximum PWC, RPE, 4.0 mmol/L lactate threshold, heart rate, maximum oxygen uptake, plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, cortisol, and human growth hormone. In the presence of the ACE inhibitor, the exercise-induced increase in systolic blood pressure was moderately (n.s.) blunted (204 +/- 7 versus 192 +/- 7 mm Hg). Treatment with the ACE inhibitor did not impair physical performance and RPE. This favorable profile of action was accompanied by no alterations in maximum oxygen uptake and parameters of energy metabolism at all levels of exercise intensity. Therefore, it may be concluded that antihypertensive treatment with an ACE inhibitor should be primarily considered in physically active patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Sudden death due to physical exercise in the elderly.

Physical exercise has a beneficial effect to the humans. Sudden death in healthy persons engaged in physical exercise is extremely rare since healthy heart is protected from complications. The records of five elderly men who died during or immediately after exercise in the period between 1988-2001 in our region have been given, out of 23 men (and no one woman) aged 14-68 who died due to physical exercise in that time. They have been engaged in tennis, jogging and swimming recreatively. In all of them coronary heart disease has been found by the forensic autopsy. Only one has had arterial hypertension, symptoms of chest pain few years before accident and acute myocardial infarction has been found. The other four have been without symptoms. In three of them myocardial scars have been found of past myocardial infarctions. In all of them the thickness of the left ventricle wall was 15 mm or more (from 15 to 25 mm). It seems that the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle increases cardiovascular risk in persons without symptoms. In Croatia about 7% of the whole population are engaged in recreation. In this population 13% are elderly: 40,950. The reported five deaths due to recreational physical exercise in the elderly reached 1/114,660 persons every three years, or 1/573,300 persons during fourteen years.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant function after a controlled optimum physical exercise among adolescents.

Sensible physical exercise is shown to prevent certain neurovascular problems. However, in recent times, non-traumatic sudden death in young athletes has been observed and the incidence level is always very disturbing, because of the spontaneous nature of the occurrence. It most commonly occurs fivefold more in male than female athletes. Although it is believed that congenital cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of non-traumatic sudden athletic death, however, sudden physical alteration in the biochemical composition of the body system may, at least in part, play an important role. The role of antioxidants in the general maintenance of homeostasis has already been established. In this study, total antioxidant function in athletes subjected to controlled physical exercise was evaluated to determine the extent to which intensive physical exercise could alter the health conditions if adequate actions are not taken to adjust the biochemistry of the body system. Ten male field-track athletes were exercised using a fixed workload treadmill test. Blood samples were drawn before and after the exercise. The subjects exercised almost to their maximum running distance at a higher "fatigue" workload for a maximum of 20 min each day for five days. The lymphocytes' total antioxidant function was measured by addition of a peroxide (oxidative stress) to complete the medium. Lymphocyte growth response with peroxide was reported as a percentile of growth responses from a reference range of apparently healthy individuals. Values below the 25th percentile indicate a deficient antioxidant function. The results showed that although vitamin B3, B6, and B12 requirements were normal, there was a consistent low value in the total percentile of vitamins B1 (<79%), B2 (<54%), folate (<33%, and biotin (<70%). There was a dramatic decrease in the mean values of antioxidant function (38.1%) in all the subjects as opposed to the reference range of <75%. Overall reduction antioxidant function indicates decreased ability to resist oxidative stress, or an increased oxidant load, suggesting increased antioxidant utilization and/or cellular "tear and wear" scenario. It is therefore suggested that after intensive physical exercise, antioxidant functions should be monitored and supplemented whenever necessary to maintain the integrity of the cellular function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Diabetes and life-styles: role of physical exercise for primary prevention.

Regular physical exercise has been known to be beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological studies of physical exercise: previous non-randomized studies suggested that a life-style intervention program involving diet and/or exercise reduced the progression of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes. Recent randomized controlled intervention trials also showed that diet and/or exercise intervention led to a significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes among those with IGT. Endocrinological and metabolic effects of exercise: in well controlled diabetic patients, physical exercise promotes utilization of blood glucose and lowers blood glucose levels. On the other hand, in poorly controlled diabetic patients with ketosis, physical exercise results in further rises in blood glucose, free fatty acids and ketone body concentrations. Long-term gentle regular jogging increases insulin action in respect of both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism despite no influence on body mass index or maximal oxygen uptake. A significant correlation was observed between deltaMCR (insulin sensitivity) and average daily steps Our recent data suggested that the improvement of insulin action by physical exercise was attributed, at least in part, to the increase in insulin-sensitive GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) on the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, as an adjunct to other forms of therapy, mild regular physical exercise will play an important role in primarily preventing type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

EEG changes from long-term physical exercise.

Electrophysiologic effects of physical exercise were investigated by comparing groups of individuals who engage in regular intensive physical exercise (12 + h/week) to control subjects (2 + h/week). Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded under eyes open/closed conditions to assess baseline differences between these groups. Spectral power was less for the exercise compared to the control group in the delta band, but greater in all other bands. Mean band frequency was higher for the exercise compared to controls in the delta, theta, and beta bands. Some differences in scalp distribution for power and frequency between the exercise and control groups also were found. The findings suggest that physical exercise substantially affects resting EEG. Theoretical mechanisms for these effects are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

P300 and long-term physical exercise.

Electrophysiologic effects of physical exercise were investigated by comparing groups of individuals who engage in relatively low amounts of physical exercise (< 5 h/week) to subjects who engage in relatively high amounts of aerobic exercise (> 5 h/week). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded using auditory and visual stimuli in separate oddball task conditions. P300 amplitude was affected by exercise frequency, such that increased amounts of exercise were associated with increased amplitude and somewhat more so for visual stimuli. No reliable exercise effects for P300 latency were observed, with little effect found for the other components. The findings suggest that a history of intensive physical exercise affects P300 amplitude. Theoretical mechanisms are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Bright-light exposure combined with physical exercise elevates mood.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise alleviates depressive symptoms, as does exposure to bright light, especially in those with seasonal variation. Our objective was to compare the effect of exercise alone or combined with morning bright light on mood and the health-related quality of life in healthy subjects. METHODS: Study subjects were working-age adults, randomized in two groups (n=80): exercise in bright light (group A), or exercise in normal indoor illumination (group B). Intervention lasted for 8 weeks and questionnaire data on mood and the health-related quality of life were collected at study entry, and at weeks 4 and 8. RESULTS: Physical exercise both in normal indoor illumination and in bright light was effective at alleviating depressive symptoms. The exercise was significantly more effective at alleviating so-called atypical depressive symptoms when combined with bright-light exposure. LIMITATIONS: There was no active placebo condition, but a comparative, randomized trial was executed. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise in bright light had a positive effect on mood and health-related quality of life in a sample of healthy, working-age people. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of the apparent additive effect of exercise and light.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Physical activity and blood pressure. An epidemiological brief review of primary preventive effects of physical exercise activities].

The relation between physical exercise and blood pressure as well as the risk of hypertension has been investigated extensively during recent years. Cross-sectional studies on exercising and physically fit subjects have shown that endurance capacity (i. e. maximum aerobic capacity) is inversely related to resting blood pressure. However, not all physical activities are associated with lower blood pressure levels; e.g. swimming, weight lifting and competitive cross-country skiing were found to be related to elevated blood pressure values in some studies. Population-based investigations reveal a trend towards lower blood pressure values in physically habitually active persons, with the difference between active and inactive subjects not exceeding 5 mmHg. Three epidemiological cohort studies have consistently demonstrated that sedentary, unfit persons have a 20 to 50% higher prospective risk of hypertension, as compared to exercising, physically fit persons. Some intervention studies with normotensive subjects show a reduction in resting blood pressure of 5 to 10 mmHg at best after several months of aerobic training, while other studies show no effect. At least two factors could be responsible for these somewhat inconsistent observations: 1. exercise intensity may act as an 'effect modifier', since vigorous to maximally hard exercise rather increases than lowers resting blood pressure, 2. in statistical analysis on the effect of physical training on blood pressure, it is crucial whether concomitant changes in body weight and body composition are taken into account: any adjustment for changes in body composition will substantially reduce the magnitude of 'exercise-induced' reductions in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗