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PubMed2004

Evaluation of inhibitory effect of the plant Phyllanthus amarus against dermatophytic fungi Microsporum gypseum.

OBJECTIVE: The antifungal activity of various solvent extracts (such as ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol) of the plant Phyllanthus amarus against dermatophytic fungi Microsporum gypseum was observed. METHOD: Antifungal bioassay in terms of reduction in weight, colony diameter and sporulation of the target fungal colony was carried out using Broth Dilution method. Results Root part of the plant, extracted in various organic solvents did not show any noticeable antifungal activity. The percentage inhibition observed in different solvent extracts of aerial part was found as reduction in weight: chloroform [50.3%], ethyl acetate [27.7%] and ethyl alcohol [12.1%], reduction in colony diameter: chloroform [53.4%], ethyl acetate [31.4%] and ethyl alcohol [15.0%] and reduction in sporulation: maximum inhibition in chloroform extract, at test concentration of 4000 ppm at incubation period of 8 days. CONCLUSION: Chloroform fraction of the aerial part of the plant P. amarus shows significant inhibitory effect against dermatophytic fungi M. gypseum and requires chemical characterization for its bioactive principle.

Acetates↗
PubMed2002

Phyllosphere microbiology.

Aerial plant surfaces harbor large numbers of microbes, some of which are deleterious to plants whereas others are benign or beneficial. Commercial formulations of bacteria antagonistic to plant pathogenic microbes and ice nucleation active bacteria have been utilized as an environmentally safe method to manage plant disease and to prevent frost damage. Molecular genetic tools, microscopic examination and whole-cell bacterial biosensors have provided extensive information on these microbes, their complex associations and their habitat. The aerial habitat influenced by plants, termed the phyllosphere, is particularly amenable to studies of microbial ecology and the information gained should lead to more effective means of plant protection.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

The effect of aerial parts of Echinacea on the circulating white cell levels and selected immune functions of the aging male Sprague-Dawley rat.

Echinacea is one of the most widely used over-the-counter herbal preparations that purport to "improve immune system function", especially when taken as a short course of therapy (6-8 weeks). Since many purchasers are older individuals, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to investigate whether Echinacea could affect total and differential white cell counts, phagocytic activity and interleukin (IL-2) levels in 12-month-old, healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats when administered over an 8-week period. Echinacea (50 mg/kg of aerial parts) mixed with peanut butter or peanut butter alone was fed to 16 rats, which were receiving regular food and water ad libitum. Cell counts and immune functions were determined on rat tail vein blood on a weekly basis. Echinacea significantly increased circulating total white cell counts during the first 2 weeks of administration, and IL-2 levels during the final 5 weeks of the study period (p<0.05). Differential counts were altered during the entire 8-week study, with mononuclear cells significantly increased to the detriment of granulocytes (p<0.05). No such changes were observed in animals given peanut butter alone. No difference was observed in phagocytic function between animals given Echinacea or peanut butter alone. These studies suggest that aerial components of Echinacea affect both mononuclear cell levels and circulating IL-2 levels in older animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by selected helophytes.

Four emergent plants (helophytes, synonyms emersion macrophytes, marsh plants, etc.) Phragmites australis, Juncus glaucus, Carex gracillis and Typha latifolia were successfully used for degradation of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) under in vitro conditions. The plants took up and transformed more than 90% of TNT from the medium within ten days of cultivation. The most efficient species was Ph. australis which took up 98% of TNT within ten days. The first stable degradation products 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) were identified and analysed during the cultivation period. [14C] TNT was used for the detection of TNT degradation products and their compartmentalization in plant tissues after two weeks of cultivation. Forty one percent of 14C was detected as insoluble or bound in cell structures: 34% in roots and 8% in the aerial parts. These results open the perspective of using the above-mentioned plants for the remediation of TNT contaminated waters.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Constituents and biological activities from Muehlenbeckia hastulata.

Muehlenbeckia hastulata (J. E.Sm.) Johnst. used mainly for its abortive properties was found active for oxytoxic and analgesic activities in a biological activity screening (oxytoxic, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and xanthine oxidase assay). Epicatechin, emodin-8-glycoside and rutin were isolated from the aerial part and the root of the plant.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2004

Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: a factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin-regulated development.

One of the most long-lived models in plant science is the belief that the long-distance transport and ratio of two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinin, at the site of action control major developmental events such as apical dominance. We have used in vivo deuterium labeling and mass spectrometry to investigate the dynamics of homeostatic cross talk between the two plant hormones. Interestingly, auxin mediates a very rapid negative control of the cytokinin pool by mainly suppressing the biosynthesis via the isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate-independent pathway. In contrast, the effect of cytokinin overproduction on the entire auxin pool in the plant was slower, indicating that this most likely is mediated through altered development. In addition, we were able to confirm that the lateral root meristems are likely to be the main sites of isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate-dependent cytokinin synthesis, and that the aerial tissue of the plant surprisingly also was a significant source of cytokinin biosynthesis. Our demonstration of shoot-localized synthesis, together with data demonstrating that auxin imposes a very rapid regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis, illustrates that the two hormones can interact also on the metabolic level in controlling plant development, and that the aerial part of the plant has the capacity to synthesize its own cytokinin independent of long-range transport from the root system.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Essential oil of one of the Iranian skullcaps.

The hydro-distilled essential oil from dried aerial parts of one of widespread Iranian skullcaps, Scutellaria pinnatifida A. Hamilt. sap. alpina (Bornm.) Rech. grown in Khorassan province was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty components were characterized ing 93.8% of the total components detected. The major components of the oil were germacrene-D (39.7%) and beta-caryophyllene (15.0%).

Oils, Volatile↗
PubMed2006

A new quassinoid, ailantinol H from Ailanthus altissima.

A new quassinoid, ailantinol H, was isolated from a methanol extract of the aerial parts of Ailanthus altissima collected in Taiwan. Its structure was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and HREIMS spectroscopic methods.

Ailanthus↗
PubMed2005

New monoterpenes from Mentha microphylla.

Four new monoterpenes, (1 R*,2 S*)-1,2-dihydroxy- p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one ( 1), (4 S*)-4-hydroxy- p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-one ( 2), (4 S*)-4-methoxy- p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-one ( 3), and (3 R*,4 R*,6 S*)-3-acetoxy-6-hydroxy- p-mentha-1,8-diene ( 4) together with four known compounds have been isolated from the aerial parts of Mentha microphylla. The structures were determined using spectroscopic methods particularly high resolution (1)H-, (13)C-NMR as well as 2D (1)H- (1)H COSY, HMQC and HMBC analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Antiulcer activity of methanol fraction of Barleria lupulina Lindl. in animal models.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the gastric cytoprotective activity of the methanol extract of aerial parts of the plant Barleria lupulina Lindl (Acanthaceae) in albino rats using various models of ulcers such as drug induced ulcers, restraint ulcers, duodenal ulcers and pylorus ligated ulcers. The effect of the extract on gastric secretion and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances TBARS) was also studied in rats. The extract at the tested dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the volume of gastric juice, total acidity and the ulcer index in pylorus ligated rats. It also afforded significant protection against alcohol and indomethacin induced ulcer as well as stress induced ulceration. TBARS in the stomach of indomethacin treated rats was also reduced. In addition, it gave protection against duodenal ulcers. The study suggests that the methanol extract of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. has a protective effect against experimental gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Acanthaceae↗
PubMed2005

Screening of some rare endemic Italian plants for inhibitory activity on 5-lipoxygenase.

The extracts of four rare plants found on the islands of Sicily, Vulcano and Marettimo, Southern Italy, were screened for their inhibitory effect on the production of leukotriene B4 by 5-lipoxygenase in intact cells. The methanol extracts of pods of Cytisus aeolicus and aerial parts of Thymus richardii were the most active extracts, inhibiting almost completely the leukotriene B4 production at 200 and 50 microg/ml, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neo-clerodane diterpenoids and phenylethanoid glycosides from Teucrium chamaedrys L.

A neo-clerodane type diterpenoid, 12(S)-15,16-epoxy-19-hydroxy-neo-cleroda-13(16),14-dien-18,6alpha:20,12-diolide, and two phenylethanoid glycosides, teucrioside-3(IIII)-O-methylether and teucrioside-3(IIII),4(IIII)-O-dimethylether were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium chamaedrys. Their structures were identified on the basis of extensive NMR spectra, LC-ESIMS analysis, and molecular modeling studies.

Diterpenes↗