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PubMed2005

Isolation of a new saponin and cytotoxic effect of saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on human tumor cell lines.

A novel triterpenoid saponin, deapioplatycoside E (1) was isolated from the root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with the seven known saponins 2 - 8, i. e., platycoside E (2), deapioplatycodin D3 (3), platycodin D3 (4), polygalacin D2 (5), platycodin D2 (6), deapioplatycodin D (7) and platycodin D (8). The structure of the new saponin 1 was determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The crude saponin fraction (ED50: ca. 10 - 15 microg/mL) and compounds 6 - 8 (ED50: ca. 4 - 18 microg/mL) exhibited significant inhibition on the proliferation of five kinds of cultured human tumor cell lines, i. e., A549 (non-small cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), XF498 (central nerve system) and HCT-15 (colon), in vitro.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed2006

Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and interleukin-8 in mouse microglial BV2 cells.

The roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, which belongs to the Campanulaceae family, have been used as a food material and as a traditional Oriental medicine. The effect of P. grandiflorum against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, prostaglandin E(2 )(PGE(2)) immunoassay, nitric oxide (NO) detection assay, and interleurkin-8 (IL- 8) immunoassay on BV2 microglial cells. The aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum was shown to suppress PGE(2 )synthesis and NO production by inhibiting LPS-stimulated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNAs. In addition, the treatment with P. grandiflorum reduced the LPS-induced IL-8 release. These results suggest that P. grandiflorum inhibits PGE(2) and NO production through its suppression of LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS expression, and also reduces IL-8 secretion by microglial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

New A-ring lactone triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Three new A-ring lactone triterpenoid saponins, platycoside M-1 [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl platycogenic acid A lactone], platycoside M-2 [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl platycogenic acid A lactone 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], and platycoside M-3 [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl platycogenic acid A lactone 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data and chemical evidence.

Lactones↗

PubMed2006

Five new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Five new triterpenoid saponins, platycoside H [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta,16alpha,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], platycoside I [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta,16alpha,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], platycoside J [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta,16alpha,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], platycoside K [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta,16alpha,23,24-pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid], and platycoside L [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2beta,3beta,16alpha,23,24-pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28 oic acid], and three known triterpenoid saponins, platycoside F, platycoside B, and platycoside C, were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data and chemical evidence.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Inhibitory effect of the saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on carrageenan-induced inflammation.

Previous studies have reported that the saponins isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil saponins (CKS), inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in cultured lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. The aim of this presented study was to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of CKS by examining their effect on the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in a rat by using an acute air pouch inflammation model. CKS significantly reduced the levels of the inflammatory process markers in the air pouch, such as the volume of exudates, the amount of protein and the number of leukocytes and neutrophils. The levels of TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were also markedly lower in the air pouch of the CKS-treated animals than in the controls. An immunoblot analysis showed that CKS reduced the COX-2 expression level in the exudate cells. In addition, CKS significantly reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan and also markedly reduced the level of PGE2 production in the inflamed paw. These results suggest that CKS had significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Induction and identification of autotetraploid plant of Platycodon grandiflorum].

The methods and technique of inducing polyploid plants of Platycodon grandiflorum were done. Many autotetraploid plant lines were induced by colchicine in vitro successfully. The identification of main agronomic characteristics of these clonal lines was conduced in the fields. The results showed the giant type occurred in tetraploid plants comparing with that in diploid plants. It may show prospective way in developing new varieties with high yield and high content of useful compounds.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Polyphenolic compounds from Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids from the aerial parts of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. were analysed by isocratic TLC, MGD-TLC and HPLC methods. Four flavonoid compounds were determined including luteolin 7-O-glucoside as the main component and apigenin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin and apigenin. When performing HPLC analysis, 12 phenolic acids in the free, depside and glycoside forms were identified. Among them, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic, caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, isoferulic, homovanillic, alpha-resorcylic, m-coumaric, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acids.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection.

A simple and rapid sample preparation method using accelerated solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup for determining organophosphorus (OP) pesticides in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum was developed. The OP pesticides were concentrated by use of an SPE cartridge (ENVI-Carb) and quantitatively analyzed and confirmed by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The pesticides were eluted from the cartridges with 20 mL acetonitrile-toluene (3 + 1, v/v). The average recovery from 10 g PF grandiflorum roots, fortified at 3 levels ranging from 0.04 to 1.00 mg/kg, was 91.9% with a relative standard deviation of 4.3%. The limits of detection ranged from 1.16 x 10(-3) mg/kg (dimethoate) to 4.64 x 10(-3) mg/kg (dichlorvos). The proposed method showed acceptable accuracy and precision while minimizing environmental concerns, time, and labor.

Acetonitriles↗

PubMed2006

[Study on the stigma/pollen vigor and self-compatibility of Platycodon grandiflorum].

OBJECTIVE: To provide the basal data for the breeding and cultivation of Platycodon grandiflorum. METHOD: The field investigation and pollination by bagging were carried out. TTC(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) solution was used to test the pollen vigor. RESULT: The stigma life-span of P. grandiflorum was about 9 days, however the optimal time for pollination is 4-6 days after the petals opening, with the stigma was splitting lightly or significantly. When the petals opened, the anther began scattering pollen, and finished in the same day. The pollen vigor was about 81.4% at the beginning, and decreases to 27.6% three days later. The pollen vigor still remains 64.4% three days later, when the flower was kept in the desiccant. The natural fructification rate of self-flower-pollination was 4.8%. The fructification rate and compatible index was about 62.7% and 54.6, respectively, when the self-plant-pollination performed by hand. They decreased to 12.8% and 6.5 when the pollination was implemented during the flowering period. CONCLUSION: Low fructification percentage of self-flower-pollination attributes to the difference of maturing period of pistil and stamen, as well as the short pollen life-span of P. grandiflorum. The compatibility of self-plant-pollination is high during flowering period when pollination performed by hand. The life-span of the pollen can be prolonged significantly when keeping in the dry environment.

Flowers↗

PubMed2006

[Studies on germination characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum seed].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal condition for the germination by studying the effects of light, temperature, seed soaking and cultivation condition on Platycodon grandiflourm, and offer the basis for standardized culture of P. grandflorum. METHOD: The rate of water absorption of the seed was determined. The germination of P. grandiflorum seed was tested under following conditions: treatments under different temperature (10,15,20,25,30 degrees C), light treatments (light and dark), seed soaking time (12,24,36 h) and different germination cultivation conditions (on filter paper, between filter paper, between gauze,on gauze). RESULT: The water absorption of the seeds reached the maximal 120% within 36 h at 25 degrees C. The time of seeds soaking had limited effect on the germination of the seed, while temperature and light condition showed significant effects on the germination. CONCLUSION: The optimal condition for the germination of the seed of P. grandiflorum is as follow:seed soaking for 12 h, and 25 degrees C underlight.

Germination↗

PubMed2006

[Influence of exogenous substance on germination of Platycodon grandiflorum seeds].

OBJECTIVE: To study of exogenous substances on the germination rate of Platycodon grandiflorum and offer the basis for the standardized culture of P. grandiflorum. METHOD: At 25 degrees C, under darkness and lightness, do pretreatmeats on seeds by using GA3, H2O2, KMnO4, PEG at different concentrations. RESULT: The results indicated that the pretreatments with GA3 at a concentrating of 50-250 mg x L(-1) and 1%-2% of H2O2 could increase germination of P. grandiflorum seed at a certain degree. Contrariwise 0.1%-0.5% of KMnO4 and 15%-35% of PEG inhibited the germination. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with 50-250 mg x L(-1)GA3 and H2O2 at a low cencontration could increase the seed germination of P. grandiflorum.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed2006

[Chemical constituents from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. METHOD: Column chromatography (silica gel, macroporous resin, sephadex LH - 20 and the preparative RP - HPLC were used to isolate the constituents. Their structures were elucidated by physical and spectral data. RESULT: Eight compounds were isolated and identified as tangeritin (1), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylplatycodigenin methyl ester (2), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylplaticogenic acid A lactone (3), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylplatycodigenin (4), deapio-platyconic acid A lactone (5), deapio-platycodin-D (6), platycoside-G1 (7) and platycoside-E (8). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1,3 and 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Flavones↗

PubMed2001

Augmentation of macrophage functions by an aqueous extract isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum.

Platycodon grandiflorum has been claimed to have a wide range of health benefits, which include immunostimulation and antitumor activity. The associated biological mechanisms are unclear; however, of the wide diversity of effects, it is believed that their activities may be exerted through several potent effector cells such as macrophages. Therefore, the effects of an aqueous extract from the root of P. grandiflorum (Changkil: CK) on mouse peritoneal macrophage function were investigated. It was found that CK stimulated macrophage proliferation, spreading ability, phagocytosis, cytostatic activity, and nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner, and that the production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were similarly increased. CK significantly affected secretion at concentrations greater than 10 microg/ml; its maximal effects were at the concentration of 100 microg/ml. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that CK increased the appropriate cytokine mRNAs. These results suggest that CK is a potent enhancer of macrophage function.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Aqueous extract isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum elicits the release of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from murine macrophages.

Herbal medicines are increasingly being utilized to treat a wide variety of disease processes. Aqueous extract from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil (CK), is reported to have antitumor and immunomodulatory activities; however, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is not known. In the present study we examined the effects of CK on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and on the gene expression of iNOS and TNF-alpha in mouse macrophages. CK elicited a dose-dependent increase in NO and TNF-alpha production in cultured macrophages. CK significantly affected secretion at concentrations of more than 5 micrograms/ml, and its maximum effect was at concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that increases in NO and TNF-alpha secretion were due to an increase in inducible NO synthase mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA, respectively. Transient expression assays with NF-kappa B binding sites linked to the luciferase gene revealed that CK-induced increase of inducible NO synthase mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA were mediated by the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex. These results demonstrate that CK stimulates NO and TNF-alpha release and is able to upregulate iNOS and TNF-alpha expression through NF-kappa B transactivation and this may be a mechanism whereby this herbal medicine elicits its therapeutic effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum selectively activates B cells and macrophages but not T cells.

Many polysaccharides isolated from plants are considered to be biological response modifiers and have been shown to enhance various immune responses in vivo and in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has a unique mode of immunostimulation with regard to its cell-type specificity. PG was found to markedly increase polyclonal IgM antibody production and the proliferation of B cells, and to activate iNOS transcription and NO production in macrophages. Moreover, the intraperitoneal administration of PG in mice resulted in increased IgM antibody production in B cells, which were immunized by using T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (sRBCs). However, PG did not affect the proliferation of T cells, the IL-2 expression of Th1 cells, or the IL-4 expression of Th2 cells. Although PG and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had a similar mode of action in B cells and macrophages, they were differentiated by the fact that PG-induced cellular activation was not inhibited by polymyxin B, a specific inhibitor of LPS. Anti-CD19 or anti-CD79b antibody blocked B cell proliferation and anti-CD14 or anti-CD 11b antibody decreased macrophage NO production, indicating the possible cellular binding sites of PG. Our results demonstrate that PG is a specific activator of B cells and macrophages but not of T cells, and suggest that PG is quite distinct from other well-known immunostimulants, such as lentinan and schizophyllan, which mainly act upon macrophages and T cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A comparative study on commercial, botanical gardens and wild samples of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum by HPLC analysis.

Thirteen commercial samples of Platycodi radix of Platycodon grandiflorum, were collected from China (5 kinds), Korea (5 kinds), and Japan (3 kinds) along with 8 kinds of botanically cultivated Platycodi radix, 3 kinds of wild Platycodi radix collected from different places in Japan. HPLC analysis showed that the commercial botanical and wild samples of P. radix all contained platycodins and a total of twelve peaks were identified by co-HPLC anlaysis with authentic samples isolated earlier from this laboratory. The peak purity and identify were checked with a PDA. The contents of the major saponins, platycodins A, C, D were determined and the peak-area ratios of platycodins A, C, D were shown to be correlated with their sources of origin. The commercial samples from China and Korea each gave a distinct HPLC pattern with peak-area ratio of platycodins A, C, D at 1:2:3 and 2:4:1, respectively. HPLC analysis showed that those on the Japanese market were either imported from China or Korea based upon their HPLC patterns while the Japanese botanical garden or wild type samples gave a higher total saponin content with the peak-area ratio of platycodins A, C, D at 1:2:1.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by platycodin D isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Platycodin D, isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. (Campanulaceae) suppressed prostaglandin E2 production at 10 and 30 microM in rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated by the protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Platycodin D3 and oleanolic acid showed no effect at these concentrations. Western blot analysis revealed that the induction of COX-2 protein by TPA was inhibited by platycodin D in parallel with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production. Platycodin D showed no direct effect on COX-1 and COX-2 activities. TPA-induced release of [3H]arachidonic acid from pre-labeled macrophages was also not inhibited by platycodin D.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Two new triterpenoid saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum.

Two new triterpenoid saponins, platycoside D [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl-2 beta, 3 beta, 16 alpha, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D- apiofuranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnop yranosyl- (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] and platycoside E [3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2 beta,3 beta,16 alpha,23,24-pentahydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid 28-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alp ha-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Structural determination is based on spectral and chemical evidence.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗