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PubMed1977

Perceived self and ideal self ratings in relation to high and low levels of anxiety in college women.

The Cattell and Scheier IPAT Anxiety (Self Analysis) Questionnaire and the Corsini SAQS Chicago Q Sort were administered to 146 college women. Ss were divided into "high" and "low" anxiety groups on the basis of the IPAT anxiety scores. Those women with a high degree of anxiety were found to have a significantly greater discrepancy between their perceived self and ideal self concepts than did those women who had low levels of anxiety.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1979

Q-technique methodology in the study of healthy aged men: Part I.

The paper describes the application of the Q-technique to the study of healthy aged men. The research is an NIMH project, and the Q-technique was performed on the initial study done in 1957 (47 Ss across 550 variables). The paper focuses on clusters of interdisciplinary relationships which contained biological and cognitive influences. Twenty-eight out of the 64 clusters fell within this category. This first paper concentrates on methodological precedures and issues, and also presents 6 clusters of output derived from the first two Q-factors. The remaining 22 clusters will be described in subsequent papers.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

The interrelationship between self-image disparity and social competence, defensive style, and adjustment status.

Groups of 40 psychiatric and 40 nonpsychiatric male patients were subdivided into equal groups of high and low social competence. Each patient completed a task battery which included three measures of self-image disparity and the Byrne repression-sensitization scale. High competence patients of both types were found to have higher self-image disparities than low competence patients. Psychiatric patients were found to have higher disparity scores than nonpsychiatric patients, although some evidence indicated that this was true only for the low competence groups. Higher scores on the Byrne scale (indicating sensitization) were found for high as compared to low competence patients, and for the psychiatric as compared to nonpsychiatric groups. Defensive style correlated significantly with each of the self-image measures. The results were discussed in the context of both developmental and Rogerian formulations. It was concluded that an individual's maturational level influences both self-image and defensive style, even when the individual is judged psychologically maladjusted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Interpersonal perception in addict families.

A technique called the "Interperception Matrix" was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents. These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self-esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Difficulties in family therapy evaluation. I. A comparison of insight vs. problem-solving approaches. II. Design critique and recommendations.

In Part 1, an outcome study comparing two methods of family treatment, is reported. Families were randomly assigned to one of two forms of conjoint therapy: an Insight-oriented treatment (N = 10) or a Problem-Solving intervention (N = 10). The results on self-report measures of family functioning indicate that the Problem-Solving intervention produced more favorable changes after three months. Experienced therapists did better than inexperienced therapists in the Insight-treatment condition but level of experience did not make a difference in the Problem-Solving therapy. A group of eight families who dropped out of the Insight-treatment group provided data on correlates of premature termination. In Part II, the study is critically reviewed. The practical obstacles to implementing an experimental design in a clinic setting are considered. Special attention is given to issues involving the selection of treatment and control conditions: sampling and the measurement of outcome. Alternatives to experimental designs are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Influence of personality attributes on abortion experiences.

Questionnaire responses of women who underwent legal abortions reveal a range of complex emotional reactions. This study suggests that both the resolution of negative feelings post-abortion and the motivation to use contraception are related to individual personality characteristics. Implications are offered for therapeutic intervention and for contraceptive counseling with young, unmarried women.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1975

Sex differences in the eyes of expert personality assessors: unwarranted conclusions.

In a recent paper, Haan and Livson reported sex differences between male and female psychologists in their evaluations of adult men and adult women. Their conclusions have implication for the validity of clinical assessments and were interpreted in terms of stereotypic sex role perceptions. However, their statistical analysis was in fundamental error. When the data they employed were reanalyzed, no reliable sex differences between men and women psychologists were found, a finding in accord with a number of previous investigations of this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Patterns of personality developement in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study.

Personality development was examined in two groups of women studied since adolescence who were judged psychologically healthy at age fifty: 1) Independants, whose health improved from forty to fifty, were ambitious and intellectual. 2) Traditionals, healthy at both ages, were gregarious and nurturant. Traditionals showed steady personality growth since adolescence. Independents were constricted at age forty but recovered by fifty. These patterns are compared in terms of the fit between personality and sex role. Traditional personalitites fit conventional feminine roles, accounting for their health throughout the middle years. Independents improved when disengaging from mothering freed them to develop their more assertive skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Personality organizations of well-functioning younger people and older adults.

Person clustering of Q sort items for two longitudinal samples, studied at four periods from adolescence to middle adulthood, were generated for the sexes separately. After correlations between the resulting sixty-eight clusters showed that common personality organizations existed across time, sex, and samples, a second order clustering of the first sixty-eight was done which reduced the number of clusters to four. The first cluster represented a well-functioning organization, and comparisons were made of its hierarchial ordering of attributes between the longitudinal samples and a geriatric sample. Although both groups were dependable and productive, they diverged in the importance of intimate interpersonal relations and in their self concepts. The older people were more tender and intimate, but conserving of their own integrity, while the younger groups were more assertive and cognitively invested, as they must be to deal with their different life situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients].

79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.

Conflict, Psychological↗