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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Rinderpest: a case study of animal health emergency management.

The history of rinderpest and control of the disease in Africa and Asia is reviewed briefly. The present distribution of rinderpest virus in relation to its phylogenetic lineages is presented. Rinderpest-free countries bordering rinderpest-infected countries are considered to be under permanent threat of a transboundary rinderpest incursion and therefore face continuous and serious emergency situations. The nature of these emergencies in relation to the remaining foci of the three lineages is described. It is argued that the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) eradication strategies now need to focus on the use of epidemiological studies to define foci of infection and guide targeted, pulsed vaccination campaigns rather than broad, routine vaccination. The emergency posed by the re-emergence of African lineage 2 virus in East Africa and the challenge of mild rinderpest is explored in some detail as a phenomenon which may be more widespread than has been assumed. Points at which the future of GREP is threatened are illustrated and means of removing some of the dangers are suggested. The lessons which need to be learnt from the experience of the Indian National Project on Rinderpest Eradication and the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign are discussed, including the value of strengthening surveillance systems in accordance with the Office International des Epizooties Pathway and how to cope with the problem associated with cryptic foci of rinderpest persistence--perhaps the greatest challenge facing GREP. The value of vaccine buffer zones is considered in detail and the authors conclude that unless those zones are of considerable depth and are well maintained, they are unlikely to prevent dissemination of the virus. The role of emergency preparedness planning in preventing the spread of rinderpest is discussed, with the understanding that effective surveillance, as a component of emergency preparedness planning, is safer than vaccination as a means of ensuring that the disease does not re-enter or penetrate a population. The swift initiation of a programme for the eradication of rinderpest from Pakistan is seen as the key issue in dealing with the Asian lineage rinderpest emergency. Development and implementation of strategies with the benefit of experience gained in Africa and India could provide a rapid resolution of the emergency.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Immunisation of cattle with a recombinant vaccinia vector expressing the haemagglutinin gene of rinderpest virus.

The efficacy of a recombinant rinderpest vaccine, constructed by inserting the rinderpest virus haemagglutinin gene into attenuated vaccinia virus, LC16mO strain, was tested in cattle. After subcutaneous inoculation of 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu) of the recombinant vaccine, neither palpable skin lesions nor increases in body temperature were observed, indicating the absence of detectable clinical reactions. All the vaccinated cattle were completely protected from challenge with the Saudi 1/81 strain of virulent rinderpest virus. Contact control cattle housed in the same pen with the vaccinated animals did not develop antibodies to rinderpest or vaccinia viruses, and developed typical clinical signs of rinderpest after challenge with virulent rinderpest virus, indicating that there was no contact transmission of the recombinant virus. The 50 per cent protective doses of the vaccine, estimated by the mortality and morbidity rates respectively. were 10(4) and 10(5) pfu. To observe the effect of pre-existing immunity to vaccinia virus on the efficacy of the vaccine, cattle inoculated with the Lister strain of vaccinia virus three weeks earlier, were vaccinated with the recombinant virus. These animals developed antibodies to rinderpest virus and were protected from challenge with virulent rinderpest virus, showing that the vaccine was effective in animals already immune to vaccinia virus. The effectiveness and safety of the vaccine demonstrated in this study suggest that it has potential as a new vaccine against rinderpest.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Use of participatory epidemiology in studies of the persistence of lineage 2 rinderpest virus in East Africa.

In 1994, rinderpest virus of African lineage 2 was detected in East Africa after an apparent absence of more than 30 years. In 1996, a disease search, based on participatory epidemiological techniques supplemented by serological and virological analyses, was undertaken in southern Somalia and north-eastern Kenya to collate past and current epidemiological information about rinderpest-compatible disease events, and to test the hypothesis that African lineage 2 rinderpest virus persists in populations of transhumant cattle in the Somali ethnic areas. The findings in Afmadu in Lower Juba led the search for rinderpest to the communities in the Bardera area and then on to the Kenya/Somalia border areas between Mandera and El Wak. The herders had a specific knowledge of the clinical signs of rinderpest and provided detailed and accurate descriptions of cases. They differentiated between classical acute rinderpest and a milder syndrome characterised by an ocular discharge and diarrhoea, few oral lesions, corneal opacity and occasional mortality. The studies provided evidence for the endemic occurrence of rinderpest back to at least 1981, with a periodicity of five years in the incidence of the disease. After a period of high mortality in 1992 to 1993, around Afmadu, herders reported a mild disease, with occasional increases in mortality, from other areas of Lower Juba and the Gedo Region. Reports by herders of a rinderpest-compatible disease in the El Wak area were pursued until active cases were located and rinderpest was confirmed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sequence analysis and editing of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of rinderpest virus.

We have cloned the cDNA of the phosphoprotein (P) gene of the virulent (Kabete "O") strain of rinderpest virus and provided a comparative analysis of its sequence with that of the P genes of measles, canine distemper, and phocid distemper viruses. The gene encodes two overlapping open reading frames of 1521 and 531 nucleotides. Use of the first ATG would produce a P polypeptide of 507 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 54,344. The second ATG would produce a C polypeptide of 177 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 19,927. In addition, the insertion of a G residue at position 740 generates an alternative mRNA potentially encoding the V polypeptide of rinderpest virus. The homology comparisons in P amino acid sequences between rinderpest and measles, between rinderpest and canine distemper, and between rinderpest and phocid distemper viruses are 60, 44, and 46%, respectively. A four-way comparison shows an identity of 34%. Similar homology comparisons with the C amino acid sequence between rinderpest and measles, rinderpest and canine distemper, and rinderpest and phocid distemper viruses are 56, 42, and 40%, respectively. A homology of 31% is found in a four-way comparison for the C polypeptide. From the point of the insertion of the G residue, there is a homology of 78% between the V polypeptides of rinderpest and measle viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Is rinderpest virus the archevirus of the Morbillivirus genus?

Groups of 6-39 monoclonal antibodies identifying 3-18 distinct epitopes on the nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase (P), hemagglutinin (H; equivalent in canine distemper and rinderpest viruses), and fusion (F) components of measles and canine distemper viruses were characterized in immunofluorescence tests with fixed Vero cell cultures infected with measles, canine distemper and rinderpest viruses. The majority of NP-specific monoclonal antibodies reacted with all three viruses, but one-third of the antibodies only reacted with the homologous virus. A few antibodies detected epitopes uniquely shared between either measles and rinderpest viruses or canine distemper and rinderpest viruses. Of the P-specific antibodies, two-thirds only reacted with the homologous virus, one antibody detected an epitope shared between canine distemper and rinderpest viruses, and the rest reacted with all three viruses. Also, the majority of antibodies against the H component were type-specific, but four antibodies reacted both with measles and rinderpest viruses. In contrast, the F component was antigenically highly conserved. 17 of 21 antibodies against this component reacted with all three viruses; one antibody reacted only with measles and rinderpest virus F components, and three antibodies reacted only with the homologous virus. No monoclonal antibody of any specificity selectively reacted with only measles and canine distemper viruses. Furthermore, the measles virus H component appeared to be more closely related to the equivalent rinderpest virus component than to the canine distemper virus component. Thus, it is proposed that rinderpest virus is the archevirus of the morbillivirus group from which canine distemper virus was first to evolve and, more recently (perhaps about 5,000 years ago), measles virus.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗